TAILIEUCHUNG - The Illustrated Network- P44

The Illustrated Network- P44:In this chapter, you will learn about the protocol stack used on the global public Internet and how these protocols have been evolving in today’s world. We’ll review some key basic defi nitions and see the network used to illustrate all of the examples in this book, as well as the packet content, the role that hosts and routers play on the network, and how graphic user and command line interfaces (GUI and CLI, respectively) both are used to interact with devices. | CHAPTER 15 Border Gateway Protocol 399 8 bits 8 bits O T P E U U U U Attribute Type Code Flag bits O Optional bit 0 Optional 1 Well known T Transitive bit 0 Transitive 1 Nontransitive P Partial bit 0 Optional transitive attribute is partial 1 Optional transitive attribute is complete E Extended length bit 0 Attribute length is 1 byte 1 Attribute length is 2 bytes U Unused FIGURE The BGP Attribute Type format. This is how NRLIs are grouped. is the 2-byte Attribute Type. There is a structure to the Attribute Type field as shown in Figure . There are four flag bits four unused bits and then an 8-bit Attribute Type code. There are other attribute codes in use with BGP but these are not discussed in this chapter. One of the most important of these other attributes is the Extended Community attribute used in VPNs. The Update message ends with a variable-length NLRI field. Each NLRI route is a Length Prefix pair. The length indicates the number of bits that is significant in the following prefix. There is no length field for this list that ends the Update message. The number of NLRIs present is derived from the known length of all of the other fields. So instead of saying here s a route and these are its attributes. for every NLRI advertised the Update message basically says here s a group of path attributes and here are the routes that these apply to. This cuts down on the number of messages that needs to be sent across the network. In this way each Update message forms a unit of its own and has no further fragmentation concerns. The Notification Message Error messages in BGP have an 8-bit Error Code an 8-bit Subcode and a variable-length Data field determined by the Error Code and Subcode. The format of the BGP Notification message is shown in Figure . 400 PART III Routing and Routing Protocols 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte Error Code Error Subcode Data Error codes 1 Message header error 2 Open message error 3 Update message error 32 bits 4 Hold timer expired

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