TAILIEUCHUNG - Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P32

Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P32: The transmitter encodes the information into a suitable form to be transmitted over the communications channel. The communications channel moves this signal as electromagnetic energy from the source to one or more destination receivers. The channel may convert this energy from one form to another, such as electrical to optical signals, whilst maintaining the integrity of the information so the recipient can understand the message sent by the transmitter | Application layer protocols 137 Many operating systems have a GUI-based FTP client such as NetManage s Chameleon NFS that displays the file systems of the local and the remote machines in two separate windows and allows file transfers from one machine to another by mouse movements on the screen. Most UNIX machines act as FTP servers by default. A daemon process watches the TCP command port 21 continuously for the arrival of a request for a connection and calls the necessary FTP processes when one arrives. Windows 95 98 does not include FTP server software but it does provide an FTP client program. However a number of third-party FTP packages have been written for use with Windows. Examples of such software are CuteFTP an FTP client and Serv-U-FTP server. Anonymous FTP Anonymous FTP access allows a client to access publicly available files using the login name anonymous and the password guest . Alternatively the password may be required to be a valid e-mail address. Public files are often placed in a separate directory on the server and are commonly used by Internet sites such as Network Information Systems Yellow Pages etc. Trivial file transfer protocol TFTP Introduction TFTP RFC 1350 is a less sophisticated version of FTP and caters for situations where the complexity of FTP and the reliability of TCP is neither desired nor required. TFTP does not log on to the remote machine so it does not provide user access and file permission controls. TFTP is used for simple file transfers and is typically placed in the read-only memory of diskless machines such as PLCs that use it for bootstrapping or to load applications. The absence of authorization controls can be overcome by diligent system administration. For example on a UNIX system a file may only be transferred if it is accessible to all users on the remote machine . both read and write permissions are set . TFTP does not monitor the progress of the file transfer so does not need the reliable .

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