TAILIEUCHUNG - Monitoring Bathing Waters - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes

In line with this, TSC disagrees with theories that model cognition on conscious reasoning, as reflecting the ways thought processes are conceptu- alised in language. Instead, TSC states that cognition is ‘active’ in the sense that cognitive processes emerge in concrete situations of physical action and socio-cultural practices. In integrating conation and affect, cognition is driven by, on the one hand, the agent’s current needs and motivation and, on the other, the contingent, contextual elements that support immediate action. Judgments made on-line that do not properly distinguish emotionally laden evaluations from factual belief provide the motives for action. . | Monitoring Bathing Waters - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes Edited by Jamie Bartram and Gareth Rees 2000 WHO. ISBN 0-419-24390-1 Chapter 12 AESTHETIC ASPECTS This chapter was prepared by A. T. Williams K. Pond R. Philipp A clean beach is one of the most important characteristics of a waterside resort sought by visitors Oldridge 1992 Morgan et al. 1993 . Accumulations of coastal debris raise a number of concerns risks to marine wildlife potential human health hazards and threats to the economy of coastal communities especially in tourist areas. In extreme cases people may avoid visiting an area if it is littered with potentially hazardous and unaesthetic items such as sanitary and medical waste. Beach quality can be viewed from two perspectives It is the responsibility of the receiving area to ensure clean beaches and water. It is the responsibility of the user to behave in an appropriate manner and to avoid spoiling the beach with litter. Aesthetics does not deal with a health burden directly but affects well being and health gain. The effects of aesthetic issues on the amenity value of marine and riverine environments have been defined by the World Health Organization WHO as loss of tourist days resultant damage to leisure tourism infrastructure damage to commercial activities dependent on tourism damage to fishery activities and fishery-dependent activities and damage to the local national and international image of a resort Philipp 1993 . Such effects were experienced in New Jersey USA in 1987 and Long Island USA in 1988 where the reporting of medical waste such as syringes vials and plastic catheters along the coastline resulted in an estimated loss of between 37 and 121 million user days at the beach and between US X 109 and US X 109 in tourism-related expenditure Valle-Levinson and Swanson 1991 . The robustness of scientific techniques used in litter analysis is of varying quality and .

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