TAILIEUCHUNG - The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies Part 7

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the handbook of science and technology studies part 7', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 406 Henry Etzkowitz Stefan Fuchs Namrata Gupta Carol Kemelgor and Marina Ranga Significant gender differences have also been highlighted at the decision-making level as well as in research funding where significant differences between the success rates of women and men have been reported in the . Germany Sweden Austria and Hungary. So-called countries in transition former socialist regimes in Eastern Europe recruited large numbers of persons including women to scientific professions. Nevertheless a similar picture of gender stratification can be found in the Associated Countries of the European Union with the exceptions of Bulgaria and Romania where women are least represented in the higher education sector. In previous socialist societies where large numbers of women were recruited into science traditional gender relations trumped social ideals and females were seldom allowed to hold leadership positions in science Etzkowitz Muller 2000 . However especially in its decline the system informally accommodated some of women s needs. As men left the lab in midafternoon for a second paid employment in Bulgaria women also left for a second unpaid employment at home Simeonova 1998 . Expanded presence did not by itself bring about social equality for women in science a condition that persists in the postsocialist era Glover 2005 . A recent EU report on women scientists in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Baltic States European Commission 2004a concludes that women account for 38 of the scientific workforce in these countries also called the Enwise countries . Nevertheless the relatively larger numbers of women in science are shadowed by other findings such as the fact that a large proportion of female scientists is employed in areas with the lowest R D expenditure that inadequate resources and poor infrastructure impede the progress of a whole generation of promising scientists and that men are three times more likely to reach senior academic .

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