TAILIEUCHUNG - Smart.Materials.and.New.Technologies Part 4

Tham khảo tài liệu ' part 4', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Smart Materials and New Technologies HEAT driven by temperature difference WORK driven by pressure difference POTENTIAL driven by height difference ELECTRICAL driven by charge difference KINETIC driven by momentum difference ELASTIC driven by deflection difference CHEMICAL driven by atomic attraction differences NUCLEAR driven by quanta differences MAGNETIC driven by moving charge differences What then governs this movement Although the flow of energy determines the behavior and state of all things - living and inanimate - scientists did not develop an understanding of it until 1850 two centuries after the establishment of Newtonian physics. The 19th century developments in steam engine technology finally led to the discovery of an important principle the conservation of energy. This principle is perhaps the most fundamental building block of physics and it is also the foundation for the branch of physics known as thermodynamics - the science of energy. Laws of thermodynamics Derived from the Greek words therme heat and dynamis force thermodynamics describes the branch of physics concerned with the conditions of material systems and the causes of any changes in those conditions. A material system may be comprised of anything from a solid to a liquid to a gas as well as a mixture thereof but it is distinguishable as an identifiable quantity of matter that can be separated from everything else - the surroundings - by a well-defined boundary. The conditions of a system at any given moment are known as its state which basically encompasses all that can be measured - temperature pressure and density - as well as its internal energy. The nature of the relationship between a system and its surroundings is governed by the Laws of Thermodynamics. There are four laws of which the first three are most relevant for our discussions. Even though each law makes a reference to heat hence thermo-dynamics together they govern the dynamics of all forms of energy. ZEROTH LAW OF .

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