TAILIEUCHUNG - Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P6

Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P6: The transmitter encodes the information into a suitable form to be transmitted over the communications channel. The communications channel moves this signal as electromagnetic energy from the source to one or more destination receivers. The channel may convert this energy from one form to another, such as electrical to optical signals, whilst maintaining the integrity of the information so the recipient can understand the message sent by the transmitter | Introduction to communications 7 The maximum data transfer rate C of the transmission channel can be determined from its bandwidth by use of the following formula derived by Shannon. C 2Blog2M bps Where B bandwidth in hertz and M levels are used for each signaling element. In the special case where only two levels ON and OFF are used binary M 2 and C 2 B. As an example the maximum data transfer rate for a PSTN channel of bandwidth 3200 hertz carrying a binary signal would be 2 x 3200 6400 bps. The achievable data transfer rate is reduced to 4 of 6400 because of the Nyquist rate. It is further reduced in practical situations because of the presence of noise on the channel to approximately 2400 bps unless some modulation system is used. Noise As the signals pass through a communications channel the atomic particles and molecules in the transmission medium vibrate and emit random electromagnetic signals as noise. The strength of the transmitted signal is normally large relative to the noise signal. However as the signal travels through the channel and is attenuated its level can approach that of the noise. When the wanted signal is not significantly higher than the background noise the receiver cannot separate the data from the noise and communication errors occur. An important parameter of the channel is the ratio of the power of the received signal 5 to the power of the noise signal N . The ratio S N is called the signal to noise ratio which is normally expressed in decibels abbreviated to dB. S N 10 log 10 S N dB A high signal to noise ratio means that the wanted signal power is high compared to the noise level resulting in good quality signal reception. The theoretical maximum data transfer rate for a practical channel can be calculated using the Shannon-Hartley law which states C B log2 1 S N bps Where C data rate in bps B bandwidth of the channel in hertz S signal power in watts and N is the noise power in watts It can be seen from this formula that .

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