TAILIEUCHUNG - Engineering - Materials Selection in Mechanical Design Part 16

Tham khảo tài liệu 'engineering - materials selection in mechanical design part 16', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Chapter 16--------- Forces for change Introduction and synopsis Materials are evolving faster now than at any previous time in history. The speed of change was suggested by Figure new polymers elastomers ceramics and composites are under development and new processing routes offer cheaper more reproducible production of conventional materials. These changes are driven by a number of forces. First there is the marker-pull the demand from industry for materials which are lighter stiffer stronger tougher cheaper and more tolerant of extremes of temperature and environment. Then there is the science-push the curiosity-driven researches of materials experts in the laboratories of universities industries and government. Beyond this there are global issues the desire of society to minimize environmental damage to save energy and to reuse rather than discard. Finally there is the driving force of what might be called mega-projects historically the Manhattan Project the space-race and various defence programmes today one might think of alternative energy technology the problems of maintaining an ageing infrastructure of drainage roads bridges and aircraft and environmental problems associated with industrialization. This chapter examines these forces for change and the directions in which they push materials and their deployment. The market pull economy versus performance The end-users of materials are the manufacturing industries. They decide which material they will purchase and adapt their designs to make best use of them. Their decisions are based on the nature of their products. Materials for large civil structures which might weigh 10 000 tonnes or more must be cheap economy is the overriding consideration. By contrast the cost of the materials for biomredical applications an artificial heart valve for instance is almost irrelevant performance not economy dictates the choice. The market price of a product has several contributions. One is the cost of the

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