TAILIEUCHUNG - Antnrfld

antnrfld | ANTENNA NEAR FIELD As noted in the sections on RF propagation and the radar equation electromagnetic radiation expands spherically Figure 1 and the power density at a long range R from the transmitting antenna is PD PtGt 4b7 2 1 When the range is large the spherical surface of uniform power density appears flat to a receiving antenna which is very small compared to the surface of the sphere. This is why the far field wave front is considered planar and the rays approximately parallel. Also it is apparent that at some shorter range the spherical surface no longer appears flat even to a very small receiving antenna. The distances where the planer parallel ray approximation breaks down is known as the near field. The crossover distance between near and far fields Rff is taken to be where the phase error is 1 16 of a wavelength or about . Rf 2D2 where 8 is the wavelength and D is the largest dimension of the transmit antenna. 2 If the same size antenna is used for multiple frequencies Rff will increase with increasing frequency. However if various size antennas are used for different frequencies and each antenna is designed with D as a function of 8 8 2 to 1008 then Rff willvaryfromc 2fto20000c . InthiscaseRff will decrease with increasing frequency. For example a 108 antenna at 3 GHZ has a D of 100 cm and corresponding Rff of 20 m while a 108 antenna at 30 GHz has a D of 10 cm and corresponding Rff of 2 m. While the above analogy provides an image of the difference between the near and far fields the relationship must be defined as a characteristic of the transmitting antenna. Actual antennas of course are not ideal point source radiators but have physical dimensions. If the transmitting antenna placed at the origin of Figure 1 occupies distance D along the Z-axis and is boresighted along the Y-axis N 90 then the geometry of point P on the sphere is represented in two dimensions by Figure 2. For convenience the antenna is represented by a series of point sources

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