TAILIEUCHUNG - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 12 P27

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 12 P27 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | MILESTONES IN THE LAW MIRANDA V. ARIZONA 247 106. However the Court s unspoken assumption that any pressure violates the privilege is not supported by the precedents and it has failed to show why the Fifth Amendment prohibits that relatively mild pressure the Due Process Clause permits. The Court appears similarly wrong in thinking that precise knowledge of one s rights is a settled prerequisite under the Fifth Amendment to the loss of its protections. A number of lower federal court cases have held that grand jury witnesses need not always be warned of their privilege e. g. United States v. Scully 2 Cir. 225 113 116 and Wigmore states this to be the better rule for trial witnesses. See 8 Wigmore Evidence 2269 McNaughton rev. 1961 . Cf. Henry v. State of Mississippi 379 . 443 451452 85 . 564 569 13 408 waiver of constitutional rights by counsel despite defendant s ignorance held allowable . No Fifth Amendment precedent is cited for the Court s contrary view. There might of course be reasons apart from Fifth Amendment precedent for requiring warning or any other safeguard on questioning but that is a different matter entirely. See infra pp. 1649-1650. A closing word must be said about the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment which is never expressly relied on by the Court but whose judicial precedents turn out to be linchpins of the confession rules announced today. To support its requirement of a knowing and intelligent waiver the Court cites Johnson v. Zerbst 304 . 458 58 . 1019 82 . 1461 ante p. 1628 appointment of counsel for the indigent suspect is tied to Gideon v. Wainwright 372 . 335 83 . 792 9 799 and Douglas v. People of State of California 372 . 353 83 . 884 8 70 ante p. 1628 as is the right to an express offer of counsel ante p. 1626. All these cases imparting glosses to the Sixth Amendment concerned counsel at trial or on appeal. While the Court finds no pertinent .

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