TAILIEUCHUNG - Mechanical Response of Cytoskeletal Networks

Gate valves used in steam systems have flexible wedges. The reason for using a flexible gate is to prevent binding of the gate within the valve when the valve is in the closed position. When steam lines are heated, they expand and cause some distortion of valve bodies. If a solid gate fits snugly between the seat of a valve in a cold steam system, when the system is heated and pipes elongate, the seats will compress against the gate and clamp the valve shut. This problem is overcome by using a flexible gate, whose design allows the gate to flex as the valve seat compresses it. The. | CHAPTER 19 Mechanical Response of Cytoskeletal Networks Margaret L. Gardel Karen E. Kasza Clifford P. Brangwynne Jiayu Liu and David A. Weitz Department of Physics and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics University of Chicago Illinois 60637 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02143 Department of Physics Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02143 Abstract I. Introduction II. Rheology A. Frequency-Dependent Viscoelasticity B. Stress-Dependent Elasticity C. Effect of Measurement Length Scale III. Cross-Linked F-Actin Networks A. Biophysical Properties of F-Actin and Actin Cross-linking Proteins B. Rheology of Rigidly Cross-Linked F-Actin Networks C. Physiologically Cross-Linked F-Actin Networks IV. Effects of Microtubules in Composite F-Actin Networks A. Thermal Fluctuation Approaches B. In Vitro MT Networks C. Mechanics of Microtubules in Cells V. Intermediate Filament Networks A. Introduction B. Mechanics of IFs C. Mechanics of Networks VI. Conclusions and Outlook References METHODS IN CELL BIOLOGY VOL. 89 Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 487 0091-679X 08 DOI S0091-679X 08 00619-5 488 Margaret L. Gardel et al. Abstract The cellular cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of filamentous proteins consisting of filamentous actin F-actin microtubules and intermediate filaments. However these networks are not simple linear elastic solids they can exhibit highly nonlinear elasticity and athermal dynamics driven by ATP-dependent processes. To build quantitative mechanical models describing complex cellular behaviors it is necessary to understand the underlying physical principles that regulate force transmission and dynamics within these networks. In this chapter we review our current understanding of the physics of networks of cytoskeletal proteins formed in vitro. We introduce rheology the technique used to measure mechanical response. We discuss our current understanding of the mechanical .

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