TAILIEUCHUNG - Plant physiology - Chapter 25 Stress Physiology

IN BOTH NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS, plants are frequently exposed to environmental stresses. Some environmental factors, such as air temperature, can become stressful in just a few minutes; others, such as soil water content, may take days to weeks, and factors such as soil mineral deficiencies can take months to become stressful. It has been estimated that because of stress resulting from climatic and soil conditions (abiotic factors) that are suboptimal, the yield of field-grown crops in the United States is only 22% of the genetic potential yield (Boyer 1982). In addition, stress plays a major role in determining how. | Chapter 25 Stress Physiology IN BOTH NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS plants are frequently exposed to environmental stresses. Some environmental factors such as air temperature can become stressful in just a few minutes others such as soil water content may take days to weeks and factors such as soil mineral deficiencies can take months to become stressful. It has been estimated that because of stress resulting from climatic and soil conditions abiotic factors that are suboptimal the yield of field-grown crops in the United States is only 22 of the genetic potential yield Boyer 1982 . In addition stress plays a major role in determining how soil and climate limit the distribution of plant species. Thus understanding the physiological processes that underlie stress injury and the adaptation and acclimation mechanisms of plants to environmental stress is of immense importance to both agriculture and the environment. The concept of plant stress is often used imprecisely and stress terminology can be confusing so it is useful to start our discussion with some definitions. Stress is usually defined as an external factor that exerts a disadvantageous influence on the plant. This chapter will concern itself with environmental or abiotic factors that produce stress in plants although biotic factors such as weeds pathogens and insect predation can also produce stress. In most cases stress is measured in relation to plant survival crop yield growth biomass accumulation or the primary assimilation processes CO2 and mineral uptake which are related to overall growth. The concept of stress is intimately associated with that of stress tolerance which is the plant s fitness to cope with an unfavorable environment. In the literature the term stress resistance is often used interchangeably with stress tolerance although the latter term is preferred. Note that an environment that is stressful for one plant may not be stressful for another. For example pea Pisum sativum and .

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