TAILIEUCHUNG - Population, Resources, and Welfare: An Exploration into Reproductive and Environmental Externalities*

Several particularmodels have been constructed to develop the new are still nowhere near to having an overarching model, of the kind economists are used to in the theory of general competitive equilibrium. 19 Some models have as their ingredients large inequalities in land ownership in poor countries and the non-convexities that prevail at the level of the individual person in transforming nutrition intake into nutritional status and, thereby, labour productivity (Dasgupta and Ray, 1986, 1987; Dasgupta, 1993, 1997b). Others are based on the fragility of interpersonal relationships in the face of an expanding labour market and an underdeveloped set of credit and insurancemarkets (Dasgupta, 1993, 1998a, 1999; Section. | Population Resources and Welfare An Exploration into Reproductive and Environmental Externalities by Partha Dasgupta University of Cambridge and Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics Stockholm May 2000 First Version April 2000 This article has been prepared for the Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics edited by Karl-Goran Maler and Jeff Vincent Amsterdam North Holland forthcoming 2001. It synthesises a class of ideas I have tried to develop in Dasgupta 1992 1993 1995 2000a . While preparing the article I have benefited greatly from discussions with Kenneth Arrow Robert Cassen Sriya Iyer and Karl-Goran Maler. Contents Prologue 1. Complaints Population and Resources in Modern Growth Theories Demography and Economic Stress in Environmental and Resource Economics Population and Resource Stress in Development Economics 2. Population Food and Resources Why Global Statistics Can Mislead 3. Population Food and the Resource Base Local Interactions 4. Education and Birth Control Women s Education and Fertility Behaviour Family Planning and Reproductive Health 5. The Household and Gender Relations 6. Motives for Procreation 7. Reproductive and Environmental Externalities Cost-Sharing Conformity and Contagion The Model Application to Demographic Transitions Evidence Interactions among Institutions Household Labour Needs and the Local Commons 8. Institutional Reforms and Policies Appendix The Village Commons and Household Size References Prologue Population growth elicits widely different responses from people. Some believe it to be among the causes of the most urgent problems facing humankind today . Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1990 while others permute the elements of this causal chain arguing for example that contemporary poverty and illiteracy in poor countries are the causes rather than the consequences of rapid population growth poverty is the problem not population or development is the best .

• Sức khỏe phụ nữ
• conscious investing
• Responsible Property
• Breastfeeding Reduce
• Childhood Obesity
• Waist Circumference
• Children and Adolescents