TAILIEUCHUNG - The European Environmental Bureau (EEB) The European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E) Seas At Risk (SAR) The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain

Comparing the total air pollution related health costs per capita (see Figure 14) the results of the three countries stay within the same range, although the central estimates indicate differences between the three countries. The highest per capita costs are shown for Austria. For the road traffic-related health costs, the per capita results differ much less between the three countries: The highest value is obtained in France with about 370 EUR per capita, followed by Austria with about 360 EUR per capita and Switzerland with about 310 EUR per capita. These differences are mainly due to air pollution levels (average level of population weighted total PM10. | Air pollution from ships A briefing document by The European Environmental Bureau EEB The European Federation for Transport and Environment T E Seas At Risk SAR The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain Updated November 2004 2 Introduction Emissions from shipping contribute significantly to the concentrations and fallout of harmful air pollutants in Europe. There are however technical means by which these pollutants could be cut by as much as 80-90 per cent and very cost-effectively compared with what would have to be done to achieve similar results by taking further measures on land-based sources. Such reductions are needed for protecting health and the environment and for shipping to develop into a more sustainable mode of transport. An EU strategy to reduce the emissions of air pollutants from sea-going ships was adopted by the Commission in November 2002. As part ofthis strategy the Commission also published a proposal for modifying directive 1999 32 EC as regards the sulphur content of marine fuels. The environmental organisations welcome the Commission s declared intention to introduce measures aimed at combating emissions of air pollutants from seagoing ships. However the action proposed by the Commission in regard to ships emissions of sulphur dioxide SO2 will only result in total reductions from ships of less than ten per cent as compared to their emission levels in the year 2000 which is clearly inadequate. In order to protect human health and the environment significant additional cuts in European air pollutants emissions are necessary. They are also needed for the EU to attain the interim environmental targets for 2010 as stated in directive 2001 81 EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants and for achieving the Community s long-term objectives of the Fifth and Sixth Environmental Action Plans of not exceeding critical loads and levels and of effective protection of all people against recognised health risks from air pollution.

• Môi trường
• Regional Synthesis
• Endowments and opportunities
• Challenges faced in realizing
• opportunities for development
• mproving Understanding
• environmental agreements
• Overview of resources
• Endowment and opportunities
• realizing opportunities
• Sub Regional Overviews
• altruist focused interventions
• ethically significant
• potential harms