TAILIEUCHUNG - Calculus: An Integrated Approach to Functions and their Rates of Change, Preliminary Edition Part 20

Calculus: An Integrated Approach to Functions and their Rates of Change, Preliminary Edition Part 20. A major complaint of professors teaching calculus is that students don't have the appropriate background to work through the calculus course successfully. This text is targeted directly at this underprepared audience. This is a single-variable (2-semester) calculus text that incorporates a conceptual re-introduction to key precalculus ideas throughout the exposition as appropriate. This is the ideal resource for those schools dealing with poorly prepared students or for schools introducing a slower paced, integrated precalculus/calculus course | Calculating the Slope of a Curve and Instantaneous Rate of Change 171 Figure Position vs. time The rock hits the ground in 4 seconds. What is its average velocity in the flrst second In each consecutive second Recall that the average velocity is given by A position Av . . . A time At average velocity in the 1st second j 11 Z0 O 240y256 -16 ft sec average velocity in the 2nd second ii -1ü l92y240 -48 ft sec average velocity in the 3rd second s 33-s2 2 112 192 -80 ft sec average velocity in the 4th second j 44-3 3 0-112 -112 ft sec Why are these velocities negative Velocity carries information about both speed and direction the sign indicates direction while the magnitude size or absolute value gives the speed. A positive velocity indicates that the height of the rock was increasing and a negative velocity indicates that the rock is falling. We see that the speed itself is increasing as the rock is falling on the other hand the velocity is decreasing because it is becoming more and more negative. Suppose we are interested in the rock s velocity at t 2. Simply knowing that at t 2 the rock s height is 192 feet doesn t help us determine the instantaneous velocity a snapshot of a rock in midair gives us virtually no clue as to its speed and direction. However from the computations above we see that the velocity should lie between the average velocity on the interval 1 2 and that on the interval 2 3 . The velocity at t 2 is between -48 ft sec and -80 ft sec. Graphically the average velocity on the interval 1 2 can be represented by the slope of the secant line through the points 1 v 1 and 2 v 2 . Similarly the average velocity on the interval 2 3 can be represented by the slope of the secant line through the points 2 v 2 and 3 v 3 . 172 CHAPTER 5 The Derivative Function We d like to flnd better approximations to the instantaneous velocity at t 2 by finding better upper and lower bounds but without more information we can make little progress. It would be helpful .

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