TAILIEUCHUNG - Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 8

8 The Hemipteroid Orders 1. Introduction The four orders (Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) that constitute the hemipteroid group are united by the following features: specialized, usually suctorial, mouthparts; small anal lobe in hind wing; wing venation reduced; cerci absent; few Malpighian tubules. | 8 The Hemipteroid Orders 1. Introduction The four orders Psocoptera Phthiraptera Hemiptera and Thysanoptera that constitute the hemipteroid group are united by the following features specialized usually suctorial mouthparts small anal lobe in hind wing wing venation reduced cerci absent few Malpighian tubules and ventral nerve cord with few discrete ganglia. On the whole the hemipteroid group is more homogeneous than the orthopteroid group although two evolutionary lines have developed leading to the Psocoptera-Phthiraptera on the one hand and the Hemiptera-Thysanoptera on the other. 2. Psocoptera Synonyms Corrodentia Copeognatha Common names barklice booklice psocids Small or minute soft-bodied insects mobile head with long filiform antennae and specialized chewing mouthparts compound eyes usually prominent but reduced in some species prothorax small wings present or absent legs with two- or three-segmented tarsi external genitalia of both sexes concealed cerci absent. This order containing about 3200 described species has a worldwide though predominantly tropical distribution. Some 290 species occur in North America about 80 in Britain and 300 in Australia. Structure Psocoptera are stocky soft-bodied insects whose length is usually less than 10 mm. The large mobile head bears a swollen postclypeus long filiform antennae and usually prominent compound eyes though the latter are reduced in some wingless species. Three ocelli are usually present in winged forms but absent in apterous species. The Y-shaped epicranial suture is prominent. The mouthparts though retaining a chewing function are specialized. The mandibles are dissimilar though each has both grinding and cutting edges. In the maxillae the cardo and stipes are not always distinct. The galea is a large fleshy lobe 199 200 CHAPTER 8 whereas the lacinia is a narrow sclerotized rod the pick which may be used to scrape food from the substrate. The hypopharynx which is able to take up water from the atmosphere .

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