TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Introduction to computing systems (2/e): Chapter 10 - Yale N. Patt, Sanjay J. Patel

Chapter 10 - And, stack. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: The stack: its basic structure, interrupt-driven I/O, arithmetic using a stack, data type conversion, our final example: the calculator. | Chapter 10 And, Finally. A Final Collection of ISA-related Topics Stacks Important low-level data structure ASCII-Decimal Conversion Converting between human-friendly and computer-friendly representations Interrupt-Driven I/O Efficient, device-controlled interactions 10- Stacks A LIFO (last-in first-out) storage structure. The first thing you put in is the last thing you take out. The last thing you put in is the first thing you take out. This means of access is what defines a stack, not the specific implementation. Two main operations: PUSH: add an item to the stack POP: remove an item from the stack 10- A Physical Stack Coin rest in the arm of an automobile First quarter out is the last quarter in. 1995 1996 1998 1982 1995 1998 1982 1995 Initial State After One Push After Three More Pushes After One Pop 10- A Hardware Implementation Data items move between registers / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Yes Empty: TOP #18 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / No Empty: TOP #12 #5 #31 #18 / / / / / / No Empty: TOP #31 #18 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / No Empty: TOP Initial State After One Push After Three More Pushes After Two Pops 10- A Software Implementation Data items don't move in memory, just our idea about there the TOP of the stack is. / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / TOP #18 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / TOP #18 #31 #5 #12 / / / / / / TOP #18 #31 #5 #12 / / / / / / TOP Initial State After One Push After Three More Pushes After Two Pops x3FFF x4000 x4003 x4001 R6 R6 R6 R6 By convention, R6 holds the Top of Stack (TOS) pointer. 10- Basic Push and Pop Code Push ADD R6, R6, #1 ; increment stack ptr STR R0, R6, #0 ; store data (R0) Pop LDR R0, R6, #0 ; load data from TOS ADD R6, R6, #-1 ; decrement stack ptr 10- Pop with Underflow Detection If we try to pop too many items off the stack, an underflow condition occurs. Check for underflow by checking

• Hệ điều hành
• Computing systems
• Introduction to computing systems
• Computing machines
• Computer organization
• Interrupt driven I O
• Arithmetic using a stack
• General purpose computers
• Data types
• Decimal numbers
• Digital logic structures
• Electronic ones
• The von Neumann Model
• Instruction cycle
• Operate instructions
• Data movement instructions
• LC 2 assembly language
• Assembly language instructions
• Device registers
• I O basics
• TRAP routines
• Privileged instructions
• Stack data structure
• Interrupt I O
• LC 3 instruction set architecture
• LC 3 data path
• Problem solving
• Structured programming
• Machine architecture
• Unsigned integers
• Von Neumann machine
• Instruction set architecture