TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Rapid review biochemistry (3/E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Rapid review biochemistry” has contents: Lipid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, integration of metabolism, nucleotide synthesis and metabolism, gene expression, organization, synthesis, and repair of DNA, DNA technology. | CHAPTER 7 LIPID METABOLISM I. Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Synthesis A. Overview 1. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm (oxidation occurs in the mitochondria) but its precursor, acetyl CoA, is formed in the mitochondrial matrix. 2. Fatty acid synthesis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of citrate as a 2-carbon transporter (acetyl CoA shuttle to cytoplasm). 3. Acetyl CoA carboxylase provides malonyl CoA to be used by the multienzyme complex, fatty acid synthase. 4. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis occurs at acetyl CoA carboxylase and is controlled by insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. 5. Many phospholipids are derived from desaturated fatty acids, most of which are synthesized by the body. B. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis: pathway reaction steps (Fig. 7-1) 1. Step 1 a. The citrate shuttle transports acetyl CoA generated in the mitochondrion to the cytosol (see Fig. 7-1). b. Acetyl CoA cannot move across the mitochondrial membrane and must be converted into citrate. c. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) undergo an irreversible condensation by citrate synthase to form citrate, which is transported across the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol. d. Citrate remaining in the mitochondrion is used in the citric acid cycle. 2. Step 2 a. Citrate is converted back to acetyl CoA and OAA by citrate lyase, an insulinenhanced enzyme, in a reaction that requires ATP. 3. Step 3 a. Acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA (see Step 5 below for disposal of OAA), an important intermediate in fatty acid synthesis, by acetyl CoA carboxylase in an irreversible rate-limiting reaction that consumes ATP and requires biotin as a cofactor. b. Malonyl CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I (see fatty acid oxidation below), preventing movement of newly synthesized fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, where fatty acids undergo b-oxidation (futile cycling is thereby avoided). 4. Step 4 a. Fatty acid .

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• Rapid review biochemistry
• Lipid metabolism
• Nitrogen metabolism
• Integration of metabolism
• Nucleotide synthesis
• Gene expression
• Andamino acids
• Metabolic fuels
• Biosynthetic precursors
• Membrane biochemistry
• Signal transduction
• BMC Genomics
• Gene expression profiling
• Light response
• Basal level gene expression
• Genome duplication
• Physiological regulators
• Recombinant therapeutic protein
• Transient gene expression
• Different expression systems
• Recent advances
• Transient gene expression protocol
• Cell lines used
• BMC Bioinformatics
• Single cell RNA seq
• Differential gene expression
• Stochastic gene expression
• Transcriptional bursting model
• BMC Plant Biology
• Tomato expression database
• NGS data analysis
• Expression Atlas
• Gene expression comparison
• Gene expression data
• Gene network
• Simulate gene
• Stochastic simulation algorithm
• Escherichia coli M15
• Burkholderia cepacia in escherichia coli
• Catechol 1
• 2 dioxygenase gene
• Improved expression of catechol 1
• Genus Citrus
• Gene function
• Co expression networks
• Genome wide scale
• Brassica spp
• Digital gene expression
• Brassica includes
• Diploid progenitors
• Displaying complex
• The inflammatory gene expression
• Horse oil in DNCB treated mice skin
• The inflammatory gene expression by horse oil
• DNCB treated mice skin
• Including severe erythema
• Intron evolution
• Transcript evolution
• RNA processing
• Coding sequence
• RNA Seq
• Expression profile
• Gene networks
• Gene candidates
• Querying genes
• Gene expression studies
• Statistical test
• Fold change criterion
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• Cucurbita pepo
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• The parallel environment for big datasets classication
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• PolyA selection
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• Cloning and expression of pigc gene
• Pigc gene in escherichia coli
• Escherichia coli
• Pigc gene
• Producing large scale prodigiosin
• Set level classification
• High dimensional vectors
• Biologically interpretable gene sets
• Gene ontology
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• RNA sequencing
• Functional genomics
• ChIP seq
• ChIP chip
• Gene expression omnibus
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• Distributed representation
• Gene co expression
• Gene gene interaction
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• Gene embedding
• Biotechnology and food sciences
• Listeria monocytogenes strain BN3
• Acyl homoserine lactone
• Expression of virulence gene
• Gene responsible for biofilm
• Genome Biology
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• Drosophila melanogaster
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• Reporter gene
• Transient expression
• Brinjal leaves through agroinfiltration
• Transient expression of reporter gene