TAILIEUCHUNG - ELSEVIER'S DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES phần 3

Tham khảo tài liệu 'elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories phần 3', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 121 commodities or opportunities. The realistic conflict theory also suggests that as such competition persists the members of the groups involved come to view each other in increasingly negative ways much as indicated in the image theories. The concept of conflict has been invoked also in the history of psychology by the German philoso-pher educator Johann Friedrich Herbart 1776-1841 . Based on the popular assumption that elementary bits of ideas or experiences may combine harmoniously into wholes Herbart taught that ideas themselves may come into relation with each other through conflict or struggle as well. Thus according to Herbart ideas that are incapable of combining tend to compete with one another and this competition occurs in order to gain a place in consciousness. Recent writers including the psychoanalysts emphasize that objects of thought do not conflict with each other because they are in logical opposition as Herbart proposed but because they lead to divergent lines of conduct ideas are in conflict if they lead individuals to do opposite things. The concept of conflict may be found also in the area of visual perception. For example conflict of cues have been discussed relative to demonstrations of the influence of visual context upon monocular and binocular perception surprising sometimes startling effects have been produced in the Ames room demonstrations named after the American psychologist Adelbert Ames Jr. 1880-1955 who set up demonstrations involving a series of illusions and including distorted rooms so constructed that sizes and shapes in them appear to be distorted even though the actual trapezoidal room itself appears to be rectangular when viewed mon-ocularly see Appendix A also such as seeing someone changed into a giant or a dwarf and red spots on playing cards change to black - because of sheer congruity and the perceiver s need for internal unity. In the Ames room situation affective and familiarity factors may destroy the intended .

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