TAILIEUCHUNG - Enhancement of Local Air Pollution by Urban CO2 Domes

Health scientists probably know more about the effects of ozone on human health than about any other pollutants. This is because ozone is pervasive in the environment. Also there are excellent methods of measuring ozone so the pollutant can be studied using epidemiological methods. The findings of these epidemiological studies can be verified using well-controlled laboratory studies with human volunteers and laboratory animals. Thousands of scientific papers on the health effects of ozone have been published and these have been critically reviewed in documents that provide the scientific basis for National and State Ambient Air Quality. | Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010 44 2497-2502 Enhancement of Local Air Pollution by Urban CO2 Domes MARK Z. JACOBSON Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305-4020 Received October 3 2009. Revised manuscript received December 21 2009. Accepted March 2 2010. Data suggest that domes of high CO2 levels form over cities. Despite our knowledge of these domes for over a decade no study has contemplated their effects on air pollution or health. In fact all air pollution regulations worldwide assume arbitrarilythatsuch domes have no local health impact and carbon policy proposals such as cap and trade implicitly assume that CO2 impacts are the same regardless of where emissions occur. Here it is found through data-evaluated numerical modeling with telescoping domains from the globe to the . California and Los Angeles that local CO2 emissions in isolation may increase local ozone and particulate matter. Although health impacts of such changes are uncertain they are of concern and it is estimated that that local CO2 emissions may increase premature mortality by 50-100 and 300-1000 yr in California and the . respectively. As such reducing locally emitted CO2 may reduce local air pollution mortality even if CO2 in adjacent regions is not controlled. If correct this result contradicts the basis for air pollution regulations worldwide none of which considers controlling local CO2 based on its local health impacts. It also suggests that a cap andtrade policyshould considerthe location ofCO2 emissions as the underlying assumption of the policy is incorrect. Introduction Although CO2 is generally well-mixed in the atmosphere data indicate that its mixing ratios are higher in urban than in background air resulting in urban CO2 domes 1-6 . Measurements in Phoenix for example indicate that peak and mean CO2 in the city center were 75 and 38-43 higher respectively than in surrounding rural areas 2 . Recent studies have examined the

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