TAILIEUCHUNG - MOOD DISORDERS & HORMONAL TRANSITIONS: THE UPS & DOWNS

Lack of secure land tenure and ownership also has a negative impact on women’s ability to reduce their vulnerability to HIV through greater economic as well as physical security and autonomy. When a woman does not own land, it often means that she is denied other economic opportunities, such as collateral for credit. Most women in the Huairou Commission have reported frustration at not being able to access adequate financing for improvement of what little land they may have, or for actually gaining or purchasing land or other property. Small business loans are also difficult when women do not have. | - MOOD DISORDERS HORMONAL TRANSITIONS SOCIETY FOR WOMEN S HEALTH RESEARCH Scientific Report Series Understanding the Biology of Sex Differences Report on the Society for Women s Health Research-National Institute of Mental Health Roundtable on Mood Disorders and Hormonal Transitions Roundtable Participants Lee Cohen . Massachusetts General Hospital Ellen W. Freeman . University of Pennsylvania Hadine Joffe . Massachusetts General Hospital David R. Rubinow . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Peter J. Schmidt . National Institute of Mental Health Zachary Stowe . Emory University School of Medicine Adele C. Viguera . . Massachusetts General Hospital Kimberly Yonkers . Yale University School of Medicine Women undergo hormonal changes involving increases and decreases in levels of reproductive steroids such as estrogens and progesterone during key lifecycle transitions first menstrual period pregnancy childbirth perimenopause and menopause. Many women navigate these hormonal transitions with minimal mood disturbances. However for some women a normal hormonal transition may trigger mild to severe mood disorders such as mild depression bipolar disorder or major depression. Postpartum depression affects 10-15 percent of women any time from a month to a year after Its cause remains unknown. Researchers suspect that the dramatic shifts in hormone levels during pregnancy and immediately afterward may result in chemical changes in the brain leading to the condition. Similarly the perimenopause transition increases risk of Scientists know that changes in reproductive steroids affect brain functioning. However nothing conclusive from basic affective neuroscience directly defines what causes depression and mood disorders for women during these lifecycle transitions. There are key research questions that still need answers How is it that reproductive steroids can trigger a depression or mood disturbance and .

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