TAILIEUCHUNG - Good Medicine for Conservation Biology Biology: the Intersection Of Epidemiology and Conservation Theory

Most raw ingredients will be labelled in bags, boxes or jars if in shipments, warehouses or in storerooms of pharmacies and retail outlets. The first step to identifying an ingredient is to compare the Roman, pinyin and/or Chinese characters to the name list in this guide. It is a matter of comparison and familiarisation with the characters and pinyin. If raw ingredients are not labelled and not obviously of interest (such as an animal horn or bones), it is best to refer to an expert or accept that identification is probably not possible. If enforcers do wish to learn some basic identification skills for raw materials,. | Reviews Good Medicine for Conservation Biology the Intersection of Epidemiology and Conservation Theory KEVIN D. LAFFERTY AND LEAH R. GERBERỷị . Geological Survey University of California Marine Science Institute Santa Barbara CA 93106-6150 . tNational Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA 93101-3351 . Abstract Infectious disease can be a concern for several aspects of conservation biology such as determining threats to species estimating population viability and designing reserves captive breeding and recovery programs. Several measures are useful for describing infectious diseases in host populations but it is not straightforward to determine the degree to which a particular disease may affect a host population. The most basic epidemiological theory suggests that populations should be least subject to host-specific infectious disease when they are at low abundance paradoxically the state at which they are in most need of conservation action . There are important exceptions however such as when a reservoir host exists or when Allee or stochastic effects occur. Several of the key threats to biodiversity habitat alteration introduced species pollution resource exploitation and climate change can facilitate and or impair transmission of infectious disease. Common management tools such as population viability analysis rarely address infectious disease explicitly. We suggest that such an inclusion is both possible and warranted. Considerations of infectious disease may influence the way we determine whether a species is in need of protection and how we might design reserves and captive breeding programs. Examples from the literature suggest that 1 introduced pathogens can make abundant species rare and 2 diseases of domestic animals can dramatically affect rare species. For both scenarios conditions that cause stress or reduce genetic variation may increase susceptibility to disease whereas crowding and .

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