TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 2: Electrical Activity of the Heart

Calculate the Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium, potassium, and calcium ions given their intracellular and extracellular concentrations. 3. Describe how changing the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions inside and outside the cell affect the resting membrane potential in cardiac cells. 4. Explain why the resting potential is near the equilibrium potential for potassium and the peak of an action potential approaches the equilibrium potential for sodium. 5. Describe how the sarcolemmal Na /K -adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) affects the generation and maintenance of cardiac membrane potentials. 6. Describe the mechanisms that maintain calcium gradients across the cardiac cell membrane. 7. Describe how activation and inactivation gates regulate sodium movement through. | chapter Electrical Activity of the Heart 2 CD-ROM CONTENTS LEARNING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIALS Resting Membrane Potentials Maintenance of Ionic Gradients Ion Channels Action Potentials Abnormal Action Potentials CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIALS WITHIN THE HEART Electrical Conduction within the Heart Regulation of Conduction Velocity Abnormal Conduction THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ECG ECG Tracing Interpretation of Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Rhythms from the ECG Volume Conductor Principles and ECG Rules of Interpretation ECG Leads Placement of Recording Electrodes ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING CARDIAC ISCHEMIA SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS REVIEW QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READINGS CD CONTENTS Ion Permeability and Conductance Reentry Mechanisms LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understanding the concepts presented in this chapter will enable the student to 1. Define and discuss the following terms as they relate to the heart a. resting membrane potential b. depolarization and repolarization c. threshold potential d. action potential e. pacemaker potential f. automaticity g. effective refractory period h. arrhythmias 2. Calculate the Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium potassium and calcium ions given their intracellular and extracellular concentrations. 3. Describe how changing the concentrations of sodium potassium and calcium ions inside and outside the cell affect the resting membrane potential in cardiac cells. 4. Explain why the resting potential is near the equilibrium potential for potassium and the peak of an action potential approaches the equilibrium potential for sodium. 5. Describe how the sarcolemmal Na K -adenosine triphosphatase ATPase affects the generation and maintenance of cardiac membrane potentials. 6. Describe the mechanisms that maintain calcium gradients across the cardiac cell membrane. 7. Describe how activation and inactivation gates regulate sodium movement through fast sodium channels. 9 10 CHAPTER 2 8. Contrast cardiac action .

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