TAILIEUCHUNG - ECOLOGY From Individuals to Ecosystems

This book is about the distribution and abundance of different types of organism, and about the physical, chemical but especially the biological features and interactions that determine these distributions and abundances. Unlike some other sciences, the subject matter of ecology is apparent to everybody: most people have observed and pondered nature, and in this sense most people are ecologists of sorts. But ecology is not an easy science. | ECOLOGY From Individuals to Ecosystems MICHAEL BEGON School of Biological Sciences The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK COLIN R. TOWNSEND Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand JOHN L. HARPER Chapel Road Brampford Speke Exeter UK FOURTH EDITION Blackwell Publishing 1986 1990 1996 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street Malden MA 02148-5020 USA 9600 Garsington Road Oxford OX4 2DQ UK 550 Swanston Street Carlton Victoria 3053 Australia The right of Mike Begon Colin Townsend and John Harper to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise except as permitted by the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 without the prior permission of the publisher First edition published 1986 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Second edition published 1990 Third edition published 1996 Fourth edition published 2006 1 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Begon Michael. Ecology from individuals to ecosystems I Michael Begon Colin R. Townsend John L. Harper. 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-1-4051-1117-1 hard cover alk. paper ISBN-10 1-4051-1117-8 hard cover alk. paper 1. Ecology. I. Townsend Colin R. II. Harper John L. III. Title. 2005 577 dc22 2005004136 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in Dante MT by Graphicraft Limited Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by CPI Bath Press The publisher s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy and which has been manufatured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore the publisher ensures that the text .

• Sinh học
• Evolutionary Backdrop
• Population Dynamics
• Ecological Applications
• Harvest Management
• Population Interactions
• Food Webs
• Ecosystem Functioning
• Environmental controls
• desertification
• Global patterns
• allochthonous production
• biological fixation
• Ecosystem Ecology
• Human Activities
• Soil Horizons
• Soil Classification
• Energy Balance
• BMC Genomics
• Rhizosphere and endosphere microbiome
• Metabarcoding analysis
• Emerging technologies
• Graphical user interface
• Statistical analysis
• Multivariate analysis
• Quantitative metagenomics