TAILIEUCHUNG - Perlman - Practical Ecology for Planners, Developers and Citizens - Chapter 6

6 The Ecology of Landscapes Imagine taking a flight across North America on a clear day—from, say, New York to Vancouver—and describing the patterns you observe on the land below. After lifting off, you would fly over industrial and residential landscapes crisscrossed by numerous roads and broken up by the occasional | 6 The Ecology of Landscapes Imagine taking a flight across North America on a clear day from say New York to Vancouver and describing the patterns you observe on the land below. After lifting off you would fly over industrial and residential landscapes crisscrossed by numerous roads and broken up by the occasional park or greenway. As you left the city behind forests would begin to dominate punctuated by farm fields and towns. You might see patches of lighter and darker green indicating different forest types. Farmlands in the Midwest would appear as a rectilinear grid delineated by roads and hedgerows while fields in arid eastern Washington watered by center-pivot irrigation might appear as series of green circles against a tan background of scrubland. Approaching the West Coast you might see a checkerboard of clear-cuts within the old-growth conifer forest. While these landscapes vary tremendously all of them can be described as aggregations of three basic elements patches corridors and matrix. When the landscape is viewed from the air these become quite apparent with corridors linking discrete patches in a surrounding matrix see Figures 6-1a through 6-1c . This pattern of elements is one of the major organizing principles of landscape ecology a relatively new branch of ecology that helps us understand the form and function of features on the landscape. Richard Forman Michel Godron and others helped this field coalesce in the 1980s after earlier work by ecologists geographers and landscape planners in West Germany and the Netherlands in the Figure 6-1a. This image shows a large patch of forest plus a smaller patch of developed land within a matrix of agricultural land. Figure 6-1b. In this photo a forest corridor stretches between two patches of forest within a matrix of unforested wetlands and farmlands. Figure 6-1C. Here small patches of farmland are interspersed in a forested matrix. The Ecology of Landscapes 95 1960s and Forman s 1995 book Land .

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