TAILIEUCHUNG - OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P58

OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P58:There is an ever increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification. The benefits to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great. Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff. | OCA OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 526 Figure 13-1 A Venn diagram showing three sets and the universal set Set Operator General Principles All set operators make compound queries by combining the result sets from two or more queries. If a SELECT statement includes more than one set operator and therefore more than two queries they will be applied in the order the programmer specifies top to bottom and left to right. Although pending enhancements to ISO SQL will give INTERSECT a higher priority than the other set operators there is currently no priority of one operator over another. To override this precedence based on the order in which the operators appear you can use parentheses operators within brackets will be evaluated before passing the results to operators outside the brackets. TIP Given the pending change in operator priority it may be good practice always to use parentheses. This will ensure that the code s function won t change when run against a later version of the database. Each query in a compound query will project its own list of selected columns. These lists must have the same number of elements be nominated in the same sequence and be of broadly similar data type. They do not have to have the same names or column aliases nor do they need to come from the same tables or subqueries . If the column names or aliases are different the result set of the compound query will have columns named as they were in the first query. EXAM TIP The columns in the queries that make up a compound query can have different names but the output result set will use the names of the columns in the first query. Chapter 13 Subqueries and Set Operators 527 While the selected column lists do not have to be exactly the same data type they must be from the same data type group. For example the columns selected by one query could be of data types DATE and NUMBER and those from the second query could be TIMESTAMP and INTEGER. The result set of the compound query .

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