TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 91

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 91. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 880 society organic society organic see organic society. sociobiology. Sociobiologists attempt to explain patterns of interaction in group-living organisms ranging from ants to human beings within the categories established by Darwin s theory of natural selection and the mathematical theory of genetics. Of particular interest is the behaviour involved in herding co-operation aggression altruism mate selection and sexual exclusivity or non-exclusivity. Sociobiology is often criticized on the grounds that its explanatory hypotheses are not easily verified or that they reflect conventional unexamined or impossible assumptions especially about natural patterns ofbehaviour for human beings. . biology philosophical problems of evolutionary ethics. Richard Dawkins The Selfish Gene London 1978 . E. O. Wilson Sociobiology The New Synthesis Cambridge Mass. 1975 . sociolect see idiolect. sociology see Adorno Comte Durkheim Mead Spencer Weber. sociology of knowledge. This explores the social causes of the formation and diffusion of beliefs. Forerunners include Bacon Comte Nietzsche Marx and Engels. It was established as an independent discipline by Scheler and Mannheim and also by anthropologists such as Durkheim and Lévy-Bruhl studying the social causes of religions and ideologies. Natural science was generally credited with privileged access to reality and thus immunity to sociological explanation. This discrimination is unwarranted. If sociology gives sufficient conditions for beliefs without reference to their truth-value it undermines their claim to truth leading to scepticism or relativism. But this consequence is avoided if it gives only necessary conditions for the formation and spread of beliefs conditions which need not determine the content of beliefs in detail or if it explains the emergence and acceptance of a theory despite its being underdetermined by the evidence. In these cases the truth ofbeliefs and or evidence for it remains an essential part of their

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