TAILIEUCHUNG - Longman grammar of spoken and written english part 15

At Northern Arizona University, in addition to the growing contribution of Susan Conrad (who began as a research assistant but became a co-author during the course of the book's composition), very important contributions lo the research project were made by Marie Helt and Erika Konrad, who became key members of the Arizona project team. | Negation 171 only a few of the no-forms are more common in conversation than in the corpus as a whole and with the exception of never the difference is slight . How do we account for the difference One factor is perhaps that no-negation is historically the older form. It seems reasonable that older forms should be better preserved in writing than in conversation which is at the forefront of linguistic change. We now look more closely at factors related to the choice between the two types of negation. Choice of no-negation v. not-negation A Syntax In some positions no-negation is the only possible choice notably where a noform precedes the verb phrase . In addition the use of no-negation v. not-negation varies somewhat with the type of clause. Table Distribution of not-negation v. no-negation by clause type each represents 5 of the occurrences of negation clause type not-negation independent declarative imperative interrogative embedded no-negation CORPUS FINDINGS 7 No-negation is proportionally more common in embedded clauses and to a lesser extent in independent declarative clauses. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS These differences are probably mainly a reflection of the distribution of clause types in the registers as embedded clauses are more common in the written registers where no-negation is more favoured and imperative and interrogative clauses are far more frequent in conversation where no-negation is infrequent overall . B Verb CORPUS FINDINGS 7 There is some variation in the use of not-negation v. no-negation depending upon the choice of operator Table . The distribution of the two negation types varies a great deal depending upon the lexical verb Table No-negation is extremely common with existential be and also more common with lexical have than with other lexical verbs. 172 CLAUSE GRAMMAR Table Distribution of not-negation v. no-negation by operator BE - all forms of be HAVE all forms of have each represents 5 of the .

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