TAILIEUCHUNG - LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS FROM PETROLEUM

The major source of liquid fuels is crude petroleum; other sources are shale and tar sands. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels—gasoline and methanol—can be made from coal and natural gas. Ethanol, some of which is used as an automotive fuel, is derived from vegetable matter. Crude petroleum and refined products are a mix of a wide variety of hydrocarbons—aliphatics (straight- or branched-chained paraffins and olefins), aromatics (closed rings, six carbons per ring with alternate double bonds joining the ring carbons, with or without aliphatic side chains), and naphthenic or cycloparaffins (closed. | CHAPTER 47 LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS FROM PETROLEUM Richard J. Reed North American Manufacturing Company Cleveland Ohio INTRODUCTION 1517 SHALE OILS Î528 FUEL OILS 1517 OILS FROM TAR SANDS 1528 Kerosene 1519 Aviation Turbine Fuels 1525 OIL-WATER EMULSIONS 1528 Diesel Fuels 1526 Summary 1528 INTRODUCTION The major source of liquid fuels is crude petroleum other sources are shale and tar sands. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels gasoline and methanol can be made from coal and natural gas. Ethanol some of which is used as an automotive fuel is derived from vegetable matter. Crude petroleum and refined products are a mix of a wide variety of hydrocarbons aliphatics straight- or branched-chained paraffins and olefins aromatics closed rings six carbons per ring with alternate double bonds joining the ring carbons with or without aliphatic side chains and naphthenic or cycloparaffins closed single-bonded carbon rings five to six carbons . Very little crude petroleum is used in its natural state. Refining is required to yield marketable products that are separated by distillation into fractions including a specific boiling range. Further processing such as cracking reforming and alkylation alters molecular structuré of some of the hydrocarbons and enhances the yield and properties of the refined products. Crude petroleum is the major source of liquid fuels in the United States now ahd for the immediate future. Although the oil embargo of 1973-1974 intensified development of facilities for extraction of oil from shale and of hydrocarbon liquids from coal the economics do not favor èafly Commercialization of these processes. Their development has been slowed by an apparently adequate supply of crude oil. Tar sands are being processed in small amounts in Canada but no commercial facility exists in the United States. See Table . Except for commercial propane and butane fuels for heating and power generation are generally heavier

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