TAILIEUCHUNG - Internetworking with TCP/IP- P40

Internetworking with TCP/IP- P40: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | Sec. Reliable Multicast And ACK Implosions 349 Is there an alternative approach to reliability Some researchers are experimenting with protocols that incorporate redundant information to reduce or eliminate retransmission. One scheme sends redundant datagrams. Instead of sending a single copy of each datagram the source sends N copies typically 2 or 3 . Redundant datagrams work especially well when routers implement a Random Early Discard RED strategy because the probability of more than one copy being discarded is extremely small. Another approach to redundancy involves forward error-correcting codes. Analogous to the error-correcting codes used with audio CDs the scheme requires a sender to incorporate error-correction information into each datagram in a data stream. If one datagram is lost the error correcting code contains sufficient redundant information to allow a receiver to reconstruct the missing datagram without requesting a retransmission. Summary IP multicasting is an abstraction of hardware multicasting. It allows delivery of a datagram to multiple destinations. IP uses class D addresses to specify multicast delivery actual transmission uses hardware multicast if it is available. IP multicast groups are dynamic a host can join or leave a group at any time. For local multicast hosts only need the ability to send and receive multicast datagrams. However IP multicasting is not limited to a single physical network - multicast routers propagate group membership information and arrange routing so that each member of a multicast group receives a copy of every datagram sent to that group. Hosts communicate their group membership to multicast routers using IGMP. IGMP has been designed to be efficient and to avoid using network resources. In most cases the only traffic IGMP introduces is a periodic message from a multicast router and a single reply for each multicast group to which hosts on that network belong. A variety of protocols have been .

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