TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 92

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 92. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART FIVE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Figure Concrete. Palazzetto dello Sport Rome. Architect and engineer Annibale Vitellozzi and Pier Luigi Nervi 1957. Drawing by Doreen Yarwood. A leader in the use of this material was the Italian architect and engineer Pier Luigi Nervi. From his early work on Florence Stadium 1927-30 and his later imaginative hangars at Orvieto and Ortebello where he developed the use of pre-cast concrete elements he went on to create original and beautiful structures of infinite delicacy and variety. The Palazzetto dello Sport built for the 1960 Romé Olympics was typical Figure . This was a big top but in concrete not canvas a structure 60m 194 ft in diameter anchored by 36 concrete ties. In the 1940s Nervi felt constrained by the limitations imposed by the use of timber formwork to shape the concrete and he went on to experiment with his own version of ferro-concrete in which he erected metalframed skeleton structures to support the cladding a method with which much of his subsequent work was identified. The great roof of the 1949 Turin Exhibition Hall is a major instance of this. Nervi had been pressed to use his ingenuity in reinforced concrete by a shortage of steel in post-war Italy. Similarly necessary economies in a number of countries led to the development of building methods which saved time and cost. Pre-cast cladding in high-rise construction was one answer and Le Corbusier s experiment in urban living the Unité d Habitation in Marseilles was a pacesetter. This structure and others inspired by it gave rise in England in 1954 to the term brutalism. This referred to the use of concrete in its most overt naked form handled in strong masses. It was an English derivation from the French béton brut meaning concrete left in its natural state unfinished displaying the timber graining impressed upon it after the formwork has been removed. Formwork also called shuttering is the timber or metal form into which concrete is poured and .

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