TAILIEUCHUNG - Shot Structure in Hollywood Film

Several Oscar shows during the decade presented themed montages by other filmmakers, on women in cinema (by Lynne Litman), the work of the cinematographer, and on the activity of going to the movies (by Mike Shapiro and John Bloom respectively, both uncredited). The 67th show (1995) presented a tribute to comedy that incorporated a credited Workman montage with a dance number where onstage stars interacted with the screen. And Workman montages were highlighted in the 70th through 72nd shows (1998- 2000), on Oscar acceptances, “great moments,” and history in film. Interestingly,. | Indiana Undergraduate Journal of Cognitive Science 4 2009 103-113 Copyright 2009 IUJCS. All rights reserved Shot Structure in Hollywood Film Christine E. Nothelfer1 Jordan E. DeLong2 and James E. Cutting2 1Department of Psychology University of California Berkeley 2Department of Psychology Cornell University Abstract In film a cut is a transition between two continuous strips of motion picture film or shots . These transitions can dissolve one film strip into the next or be an abrupt stop between the two shots. How cuts have increased in frequency since the beginning of cinema and how their arrangement form structure across groups of shots is the focus of this study. In order to examine this films were obtained from 3 genres action comedy drama and 4 years 1945 1965 1985 2005 one film per genre per year. Luminance and color information were digitally sampled and imported into a Matlab-programmed cut detector to predict where cuts occurred within the given film. The program detected hard and soft cuts which were then manually confirmed or rejected. Additionally ranges of flagged frames were processed to identify missed cuts resulting in a list of all the frame numbers at which cuts occur in each film. The results show that mean shot length has decreased over the years. Auto-correlation computation of shot length pairs shows that shot pairs are positively correlated across both variables of genre and year this reveals that structure is present across groups of shots in the same pattern of shot length sequences. This finding suggests that there is much more structure to narratives and to seemingly intuitively-placed cuts than one may think. Introduction Since its introduction film has come to play a major role in entertainment and popular culture. However filmmaking has come a long way from its start through constant revision and innovation. Cinema began with films consisting of a single shot partially due to technological inconveniences. For example the initial .

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