TAILIEUCHUNG - The Green Vehicle Trend: Electric, Plug-in hybrid or Hydrogen fuel cell?

This should consider that premiums reflect both the first party costs (generally damage to the driver’s own vehicle) and third party costs (generally damage to property outside of the driver’s vehicle and injury costs for people outside of the vehicle although it will, of course, include injury costs for passengers in the driver’s vehicle where the driver is at fault). These new technologies, therefore, need to be able to reduce the casualty rate and the level of severity of collisions. Research and experience is needed to further clarify how this factor works to encourage an up-take of car models with. | The Green Vehicle Trend Electric Plug-in hybrid or Hydrogen fuel cell Fangzhu Zhang Philip Cooke Centre for Advanced Studies Cardiff University UK email zhangf4@. 1. Introduction Energy supply security and global warming continue to challenge all countries around the world in terms of global economy and planet environment. Renewable energy technologies are being explored to meet the challenges of energy security and climate change as well as to boost regional economic development Zhang Cooke 2008 . In this review we will focus on green innovation in transport. The transport sector represents a critical percentage of greenhouse gas emission. Transport emissions are estimated to increase by 84 to 2030 Tomlinson 2009 . Key technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells electric cars and biofuels are expected to contribute to emission reduction in the long run. Biofuels have been increasingly explored as a possible alternative source to gasoline with respect mainly to transport. The perspectives on biofuels are reviewed in our previous review Zhang Cooke 2009 . Recently hydrogen electric and hybrid cars have been developed and demonstrated in global automotive exhibitions. Key interests have been attracted to discuss future trends in green vehicles. Major car manufacturers seek leadership in future green vehicle markets. Green vehicles as will be shown directly use renewable energy sources. The current development of green vehicles by major car markers is listed in Table 1. These models are mainly at demonstration stage. In this report the current technology status and potential development of green vehicles are reviewed and the development barriers of the technology application are discussed in order to get better understanding of the move towards cleaner energy systems. Table 1. List of green vehicles to be released during 2009-2012. Source Madslien 2009 Plug-in __ Year Battery Electric Vehicle Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid .

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• Harnessing opportunities
• Integrated approach
• Cooperation at multiple levels
• Endowment opportunities
• atmospheric resources
• realizing opportunities
• Increased role of civil society
• Environment for development
• Poverty and inequity
• organ donation
• donors includes
• direct reimbursement