TAILIEUCHUNG - Mechanical Properties of Engineered Materials 2008 Part 12

Tham khảo tài liệu 'mechanical properties of engineered materials 2008 part 12', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 11 Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics INTRODUCTION In the 17th century the great scientist and painter Leonardo da Vinci performed some strength measurements on piano wire of different lengths. Somewhat surprisingly he found that the strength of piano wire decreased with increasing length of wire. This length-scale dependence of strength was not understood until the 20th century when the serious study of fracture was revisited by a number of investigators. During the first quarter of the 20th century Inglis 1913 showed that notches can act as stress concentrators. Griffith 1921 extended the work of Inglis by deriving an expression for the prediction of the brittle stress in glass. Using thermodynamic arguments and the concept of notch concentration factors from Inglis 1913 he obtained a condition for unstable crack growth in brittle materials such as glass. However Griffith s work neglected the potentially significant effects of plasticity which were considered in subsequent work by Orowan 1950 . Although the work of Griffith 1921 and Orowan 1950 provided some insights into the role of cracks and plasticity in fracture robust engineering tools for the prediction of fracture were only produced in the late 1950s and early 1960s after a number of well-publicized failures of ships and aircraft in the 1940s and early to mid-1950s. Some of the failures included the fracture of the so-called Liberty ships in World War II Fig. and Copyright 2003 Marcel Dekker Inc. Figure Fractured T-2 tanker the . Schenectady which failed in1941. Adapted from Parker 1957 reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. the Comet aircraft disaster in the 1950s. These led to significant research and development efforts at the . Navy and the major aircraft producers such as Boeing. The research efforts at the . Naval Research laboratory were led by George Irwin who may be considered as the father of fracture mechanics. Using the concepts of linear .

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