TAILIEUCHUNG - Public Health and the Environment World Health Organization Geneva 2007

Sub-capacity licensing: The current Oracle licensing model requires the Oracle RAC database to be licensed for all CPUs on each server in the cluster. Sometimes customers wish to use only a subset of the CPUs on the server for a particular Oracle RAC database. Oracle VM can be configured in such way that it is recognized as a hard partition. Hard partitions allow customers to only license those CPUs used by the partition instead of licensing all CPUs on the physical server. More information on sub-capacity licensing using hard partitioning can be found in the Oracle partitioning paper8 | WHO SDE WSH 07 0 Desalination for Safe Water Supply Guidance for the Health and Environmental Aspects Applicable to Desalination Public Health and the Environment World Health Organization Geneva 2007 Table of Contents Tables vi Figures vii Preface viii Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations and Acronyms xi 1 Desalinated Drinking-water Production and Health and Environment Issues 1 Water quality and health issues 2 Drinking-water production and related issues 4 Source water composition 5 Fresh water treatment technologies 7 Desalination technologies 7 Distillation technologies 7 Membrane technologies 9 Pretreatment 11 Post treatment 11 Technical and health issues associated with desalination 11 Potentially Beneficial Chemicals 11 Contamination Issues 12 Source contamination 12 Petroleum and Products 12 Disinfection and microbial control in drinking-water 12 Disinfection by-products DBPs 13 Waste and concentrates management 13 Energy consumption 14 Environmental impacts 14 Water Safety Plans in the operation and management of water systems 14 2 Desalination Technology and Technical Issues Associated with Desalination 17 General description 17 Desalination processes and water quality issues 17 Water Safety Plans 17 Structure of this section 19 Source water intake facilities 19 General description 19 Pretreatment processes 25 General description 25 Pretreatment for thermal desalination plants 25 Chemicals used in thermal desalination processes 26 Source water pretreatment for membrane desalination 27 Chemicals used for pretreatment prior to membrane desalination 27 Thermal desalination processes 29 MSF desalination processes 30 ii MED desalination processes 33 Membrane desalination 35 Desalination by electrodialysis 35 Reverse osmosis desalination 36 Post-Treatment 40 .

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