TAILIEUCHUNG - The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones

This paper examines the interconnection arrangements that enable Internet users to communicate with one another from computers that are next door or on the other side of the globe. The Internet is a network of networks, owned and operated by different companies, including Internet backbone providers. In order to provide end users with universal connectivity, Internet backbones must interconnect with one another to exchange traffic destined for each other’s end users. Internet backbone providers are not governed by any industry-specific interconnection regulations, unlike other providers of network services; instead, each backbone provider bases its decisions on whether, how, and where to interconnect by weighing the benefits and costs. | The Digital Handshake Connecting Internet Backbones Michael Kende Director of Internet Policy Analysis Office of Plans and Policy mkende@ Office of Plans and Policy Federal Communications Commission Washington DC 20554 September 2000 OPP Working Paper No. 32 The FCC Office of Plans and Policy s Working Paper Series presents staff analysis and research in various states. These papers are intended to stimulate discussion and critical comment within the FCC as well as outside the agency on issues in communications policy. Titles may include preliminary work and progress reports as well as completed research. The analyses and conclusions in the Working Paper Series are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of other members of the Office of Plans and Policy other Commission Staff or any Commissioner. Given the preliminary character of some titles it is advisable to check with authors before quoting or referencing these working papers in other publications. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 27th annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference in Alexandria VA on September 27 1999 and I am indebted to Jason Oxman of Covad Communications for his contribution to that version prior to leaving the Commission. I would also like to thank Robert Pepper Thomas Krattenmaker Dale Hatfield Stagg Newman David Farber Doug Sicker Gerald Faulhaber Howard Shelanski Donald Stockdale Robert Cannon Rebecca Arbogast Jackie Ruff Helen Domenici Dorothy Attwood Michelle Carey Johanna Mikes Jennifer Fabian John Berresford and Christopher Libertelli for their comments and thoughts on this paper. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Communications Commission the Chairman any Commissioners or other staff. The Digital Handshake Connecting Internet Backbones Table of Contents Executive I. II. A. B. Network .

• Quản trị mạng
• Genetic Resources
• Spices Genetic
• Vegetatively Propagated
• Solenostemon rotundifolius
• Dioscorea Species
• Equipment and Assays
• Triticum aestivum L
• Wheat genetic resources
• Genetic resources institut
• Crop improvement
• World’s aquatic genetic resources
• Aquatic genetic resources for food
• Aquatic genetic resources for agriculture
• Global trends in fisheries and aquaculture
• Marine fisheries
• Cryopreservation of fruit genetic resources
• Fruit genetic resources
• Demand intensive field management
• Base collections of crops
• Plant genetic resources
• Character association analysis
• Mulberry genetic resources
• Agro morphological markers
• Trait association analysis
• Jammu and Kashmir
• Indian state of Jammu
• Diversified animal genetic resources
• Overview of diversified animal genetic resources
• Promising employment opportunities
• Flower retention period
• Maturity period
• Yield characteristics
• Desirable traits in genetic resources
• Relation to seed cotton yield
• Foxtail millet
• Genetic divergence
• Tocher’s method
• Foxtail millet genetic resources
• Grain yield and nutritional traits
• BMC Genomics
• Genetic diversity
• Genetic base broadening
• Pre breeding
• Genomic prediction
• Clonal evaluation
• EC MTP 48
• Superior SRC
• Pulping quality
• Clonal evaluation of eucalyptus genetic resources
• Eucalyptus genetic resources
• Lilium spp hereditary genetic resources
• presenting the report
• agricultural reports
• technical crops
• bio technology
• white lilies
• Lilium
• Chinese millet genetic resources
• Metric traits
• Principal component analysis
• Chinese millet (Setaria italica (L ) Beauv )
• Biotic stress
• DUS descriptors
• Inbred lines
• Source germplasm
• Major diseases
• Tolerance to abiotic stresses
• Red tamarind
• Path analysis
• Red tamarind (Tamarindus indica var rhodocarpha)
• Coefficient analysis
• ABS elements elements
• Facilitate domestic implementation
• Benefit sharing for different subsectors
• Agriculture with explanatory notes
• Bacterial wilt
• Ralstonia solanacearum
• Viral diseases
• Viral diseases complex
• Diseases resistance in potato
• Genetic resources respond
• Summary of Agricultural Doctoral thesis
• Summary of Doctoral thesis
• Evaluating genetic resources
• Analyzing molecular markers related
• Egg yield traits
• Physio chemical properties
• Moisture content
• Bamboo genetic resources
• Various age gradations
• Paper production
• Exotic germplasm
• Forage yield
• Human consumption
• Grain yield
• Plant Biology
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Chenopodium album
• Peronospora variabilis
• Downy mildew
• Quantitative resistance
• Journal of Science and Technology
• Genetic diversity in the natural populations
• Pinus dalatensis ferré
• Assessed by SSR markers
• The genetic resources of P
• dalatensis species
• Amplified fragment length polymorphism
• Leaf antioxidant properties
• Molecular markers
• Ailanthus excels
• Biometric attributes
• Heritability and genetic advance
• Ailanthus excelsa Roxb
• Random amplified polymorphic DNA
• Genetic relationships
• RAPD dendrogram
• Phenotypic similarity
• Genetic variation
• Growth trait
• Pooled DNA sample
• Romanian larch populations
• Regional stands