TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 40

The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 40. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 360 GILLES FAUCONNIER Figure . Back to reality In this example the natural interpretation is referentially transparent than he is yields James s actual intelligence as measured by the speaker. A referentially opaque reading has Ursula holding the contradictory belief James is smarter than he is. Discussion of opacity in the logical and philosophical tradition has tended to view it as a property of the meaning of propositional attitudes think hope want etc. and of objects of belief. But in fact opacity follows much more generally from the Access Principle between mental spaces. According to that principle an element in a space may be accessed by means of a description or name in that space or by means of a description or name of one of its counterparts in another space usually a space serving as Viewpoint at that stage of the discourse construction. So in the case of Ursula and the spy the following configuration might have been built by discourse participants figure . The next step in this discourse configuration is to structure the Belief space with the additional handsome b corresponding to Ursula s belief that the man she has just met is handsome. Linguistically there are two ways to do it. The element b can be accessed directly in the Belief space now in focus. With respect to that space MENTAL SPACES 361 Figure . A counterfactual the name Grey or the description the wealthy tea importer correctly identify b . Sentences like the following will therefore add the proper structure 7 a. Ursula thinks that Grey is handsome. b. Ursula thinks that the wealthy tea importer is handsome. The element b can also be accessed from the Base Viewpoint space by means of its counterpart b. With respect to that space the name Bond or the description the top spy correctly identify b and can therefore be used to access b according to the Access Principle. Hence the following sentences also add the proper structure using a different path through the space configuration

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