TAILIEUCHUNG - LIVESTOCK'S ROLE IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR POLLUTION

In addition to affecting air quality and natural environmental degradation, transportation can also play a key role in the degradation of urban environments. The delays and frustrations caused by urban traffic congestion can reduce human productivity and quality of life, thus possibly reducing the potential gross domestic or gross regional product. The noise produced by various types of motor vehicles, as well as the excessive use of horns–a fact of life in cities in many developing countries–raises the level of ambient noise, increases stress and reduces the quality of life. Transportation can also contribute to the. | Issues and trends The atmosphere is fundamental to life on earth. Besides providing the air we breathe it regulates temperature distributes water it is a part of key processes such as the carbon nitrogen and oxygen cycles and it protects life from harmful radiation. These functions are orchestrated in a fragile dynamic equilibrium by a complex physics and chemistry. There is increasing evidence that human activity is altering the mechanisms of the atmosphere. In the following sections we will focus on the anthropogenic processes of climate change and air pollution and the role of livestock in those processes excluding the ozone hole . The con tribution of the livestock sector as a whole to these processes is not well known. At virtually each step of the livestock production process substances contributing to climate change or air pollution are emitted into the atmosphere or their sequestration in other reservoirs is hampered. Such changes are either the direct effect of livestock rearing or indirect contributions from other steps on the long road that ends with the marketed animal product. We will analyse the most important processes in their order in the food chain concluding with an assessment of their cumulative effect. Subsequently a number of options are presented for mitigating the impacts. Livestock s long shadow Climate change trends and prospects Anthropogenic climate change has recently become a well established fact and the resulting impact on the environment is already being observed. The greenhouse effect is a key mechanism of temperature regulation. Without it the average temperature of the earth s surface would not be 15 C but -6 C. The earth returns energy received from the sun back to space by reflection of light and by emission of heat. A part of the heat flow is absorbed by so-called greenhouse gases trapping it in the atmosphere. The principal greenhouse gases involved in this process include carbon dioxide CO2 methane CH4 nitrous oxide N2O

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• patient involvement
• risks and benefits
• informed decision
• medicine prices increase
• respiratory infection
• chronic diseases
• BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Patient participation
• Patient experience
• Patient satisfaction
• Acute care
• Cluster randomised crossover trial
• Multimedia intervention
• healthcare professionals
• individual patients
• Patient centred care
• Key principle
• Shared decision making
• Disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs
• Importance of Genetic
• Manage Abiotic Stress
• Genetic Diversity