TAILIEUCHUNG - The Self-Made Tapestry Phần 9

Nó hợp tác khi nó trả tiền để làm như vậy (chống lại cảnh sát Tit-cho-Tất Tố, ví dụ), nhưng không giống như Tit-Tất không chạy các nguy cơ của quá whelmed chiến lược tốt đẹp, chẳng hạn như hào phóng Tit cho Tất, bởi vì nó cũng không e ngại về việc khai thác chúng với đào tẩu liên tục, nếu nó là rõ ràng rằng điều này sẽ mang lại không có sự cải lại. | Page 23 Pavlov is not a new invention Anatol Rapaport Tit-for-Tat s creator knew of it in 1965 and dismissed it as a simpleton strategy. This is because if pitched against strategies that always defect Pavlov does rather poorly it switches to cooperation every other round and so gets repeatedly exploited. But in a mixed population Pavlov is canny. It cooperates when it pays to do so against the Tit-for-Tat police for example but unlike Tit-for-Tat it does not run the risk of being over-whelmed by nice strategies such as Generous Tit-for-Tat because it has no qualms about exploiting them with constant defection i it is clear that this will bring no recrimination. The problem with highly cooperative populations is that while they fare well amongst themselves they are constantly at risk of being attacked and overtaken by defectors which can arise by random mutations . Pavlov however is an exploiter that can masquerade as a cooperator when it pays to do so. And Nowak and Sigmund found that if Pavlov has just a small element of randomness in its responses it can even resist attack by habitual defectors. Do real creatures show these strategies In Axelrod s tournaments one could submit strategies that were as complicated as you like and some were highly complicated but animals including us do not base their interactions on the calculation of detailed probabilities or on the precise recollection of many past eventsthey tend to adopt very simple strategies. In this sense Tit-for-Tat and Pavlov are plausible candidates for behavioural tendencies since they base their choices on a simple consultation of what happened last time. There is some evidence for Tit-for-Tat strategies amongst birds bats fish and monkeys. It is always important in these studies to distinguish between co-operative and sharing behaviour amongst kin and that amongst creatures who are not closely related as I indicated earlier there are good reasons for the former behaviour to be genetically programmed .

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