TAILIEUCHUNG - Tài liệu trung cấp môn Kinh tế vi mô bằng tiếng Anh - Phần 37

Tài liệu tham khảo Tài liệu trung cấp môn Kinh tế vi mô bằng tiếng Anh gồm 41 phần giúp sinh viên khoa kinh tế học tốt môn Kinh tế vi mô. Tài liệu này là phần 37 giới thiệu về " Hàng hóa công cộng - Public goods " | CHAPTER 36 PUBLIC GOODS In Chapter 34 we argued that for certain kinds of externalities it was not difficult to eliminate the inefficiencies. In the case of a consumption externality between two people for example all one had to do was to ensure that initial property rights were clearly specified. People could then trade the right to generate the externality in the normal way. In the case of production externalities the market itself provided profit signals to sort out the property rights in the most efficient way. In the case of common property assigning property rights to someone would eliminate the inefficiency. Unfortunately not all externalities can be handled in that manner. As soon as there are more than two economic agents involved things become much more difficult. Suppose for example that instead of the two roommates examined in the last chapter we had three roommates one smoker and two nonsmokers. Then the amount of smoke would be a negative externality for both of the nonsmokers. Let s suppose that property rights are well defined say the nonsmokers have the right to demand clean air. Just as before although they have the right to clean air they also have the right to trade some of that clean air away in return for appropriate compensation. But now there is a problem involved the nonsmokers have to agree among themselves how much smoke should be allowed and what the compensation should be. WHEN TO PROVIDE A PUBLIC GOOD 671 Perhaps one of the nonsmokers is much more sensitive than the other or one of them is much richer than the other. They may have very different preferences and resources and yet they both have to reach some kind of agreement to allow for an efficient allocation of smoke. Instead of roommates we can think of inhabitants of a whole country. How much pollution should be allowed in the country If you think that reaching an agreement is difficult with only three roommates imagine what it is like with millions of people The smoke externality

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