TAILIEUCHUNG - Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 20

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 20. Spinal disorders are among the most common medical conditions with significant impact on health related quality of life, use of health care resources and socio-economic costs. Spinal surgery is still one of the fastest growing areas in clinical medicine. | 166 Section Basic Science Yellow blue and black flags address factors that should be taken into account to prevent long-term disability Yellow Flags Yellow flags are individual cognitive emotional and behavioral risk factors for developing chronic LBP including individual attitudes and beliefs towards one s own LBP and its management 53 58 . Yellow flags indicate psychosocial obstacles to recovery and have been integrated into a systems approach for the management of acute and subacute LBP 53 that recognizes the importance of both clinical and occupational perspectives in the management of LBP at work. Yellow flags comprise P distress depression depression anxiety distress and related emotions are related to pain and disability 101 p preexisting chronic pain either in the back or elsewhere 84 P fear-avoidance attitudes cognitive style and fear-avoidance beliefs are related to the development of pain and disability 63 86 P coping passive coping is related to neck and back pain and disability 65 P pain cognitions . catastrophizing which is related to pain and disability 72 P poor self-rated health self-perceived poor health is related to chronic pain and disability and development of new chronic back pain 84 p kinesiophobia 72 P expectation of passive treatments s rather than a belief that active participation will help 100 Blue Flags Research into occupational health has identified certain work characteristics such as time pressure and low job satisfaction that represent risk factors for the development of complaints 83 including LBP 31 . Blue flags are individually perceived occupational factors that impede recovery from prevailing non-specific musculoskeletal pain and disability and increase the risk of prolonged symptoms or recurrence of episodes 23 29 73 101 . Work-related psychosocial risk factors include high job demands time pressure uncertainty frequent interruptions etc. 83 P1 low job control influence on methods and time . the ability to .

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