TAILIEUCHUNG - Longman grammar of spoken and written english part 25

she dedicated herself to the success of the project, working beyond the call of duty to get chapters edited to strict deadlines. Adam Gadsby, (he publisher in charge of this book project from beginning to end, was a dependable and supportive colleague, motivating us through thick and thin in the progress of the book. | 312 NOUNS PRONOUNS AND THE SIMPLE NOUN PHRASE example nouns pronouns personal human masculine Tom a boy the man he feminine Sue a girl the woman she dual a journalist the doctor he she non-personal neuter a house the bird it The personal v. neuter distinction extends to other pronoun groups as well personal neuter indefinite interrogative relative -bodyhone -thing . nobody no one nothing who what who which Although there is nothing in the grammatical form of a noun which reveals its gender there are lexical means of making gender explicit and reference with a third person singular pronoun may make it apparent 3 . However gender is not a simple reflection of reality rather it is to some extent a matter of convention and speaker choice and special strategies may be used to avoid gender-specific reference at all. Lexical expression of gender There are lexical pairs with male v. female denotation chiefly among words for family relationships father mother uncle aunt etc. social roles king queen lord lady etc. and animals bull cow cock hen etc. . The masculinefeminine distinction may also be made explicit by formal markers. gender-specific premodification I m not in the market for a male nurse fict Whenever possible a female officer will attend. news compounding with a gender-specific element It was ironic that during an Irish debate an Englishman had demonstrated such affection for a Scotsman fict Three teenage youths who attacked a lone policewoman were being hunted yesterday news use of a gender-specific derivational ending Actor John Thaw was in a defiant mood yesterday. news Actress Vanessa Redgrave has arrived in Macedonia news Note that while -ess is unambiguously a feminine marker -orl-er is not always clearly a masculine-only marker especially when there is no corresponding -ess form in common use . sailor teacher . Many such words are widely perceived as having strong masculine overtones however. Words for masculine feminine .

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