TAILIEUCHUNG - Longman grammar of spoken and written english part 7

As authors we ourselves have individually played somewhat varied roles in the research project and the writing of the book. Further, we were aided from the start by the dedicated efforts of several research assistants, and at various points along the way helped by the expertise of academic reviewers and advisers, as well as editors and publishers. | 58 WORD AND PHRASE GRAMMAR Words can be built up using a number of prefixes and suffixes and may become very complex . pre-industr-ial industr-ial-ize industr-ial-iz-ation. Derivational suffixes may be followed by inflectional suffixes but not the other way around as in organiz-ation s central-ize s. Compounding Inflection and derivation result in complex forms consisting of a base plus one or more affixes prefixes or suffixes . In compounding we find independently existing bases combined to form new lexemes. There is a wide range of compound types in English including noun noun chairman girlfriend shopkeeper textbook adjective noun bluebird Englishman flatfish nobleman verb noun cry-baby guesswork playboy washing-machine noun adjective care-free colour-fast sky-blue user-friendly The unity of compounds is shown by their tendency to be pronounced with unity stress . stress on the first element and written as one word or with a hyphen there is a great deal of variation however both in phonological and orthographic patterns. In addition compounds frequently have a meaning which is not predictable from the individual parts. For example the compound bluebird with primary stress on blue is not the same as the phrase a blue bird with primary stress on bird . The former refers to a particular kind of bird the latter is a description of the colour of a bird which is not necessarily a bluebird . Syntactically compounds show limited possibilities of substitution compared with phrases. For example in a phrase such as blue birds either element can be replaced by a wide range of other words. In contrast such substitution is far more restricted in compounds. Compare free substitution in phrases restricted substitution in compounds stress on the 2nd element stress on the 1st element blue birds blue birds bluebirds bluebirds black flowers blackbirds bluetlowers rare lights rarebirds bluelights small noses smallbirds bluenoses young walls youngbirds bluewalls Note .

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