TAILIEUCHUNG - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 6

which the utterer has in mind a particular 'actu-alization1 in the extralinguistic world. If situa¬tions are the semantic category expressed by clauses, it is necessary to examine what semantic categories are expressed by smaller linguistic units, like verbs and verb phrases, which are often also said to refer to 'situations1 in the linguistic litera¬ture. | 28 1. Introduction example can be used to refer not only to the present but also to the past and to the future. For example in narration we often find a switch from the past tense to the historic present One day my youngest was sat in the garden brushing her rabbit when up comes Oscar. There are a few of us in the garden and we watch with some trepidation. . www Under certain conditions the present tense can also locate a situation in the future I m leaving in a few hours. Hurry up The train leaves at . B. Aspect Introduction In linguistics and now we are not referring to English only the term grammatical Aspect refers to the possibility of using special grammatical forms more specifically verb forms to express various meanings which have to do with how the speaker wants to represent the internal temporal structure of a situation. Semantically aspects are different ways of viewing the internal constitution of an actualizing situation. These different ways are expressed by different markers on the verb i. e. suffixes auxiliaries or a combination of the two as in the English progressive form although not all languages have a marker for every one of the aspectual meanings. In principle a speaker may use a special verb form to refer to a situation in its entirety perfective aspect or he may use forms which represent it as beginning ingressive or inchoative aspect or as ongoing progressive aspect or as ending egressive aspect .7 As we will see the latter three options represent the possibilities of imperfective aspect. The speaker may also use a form which specifically represents the situation as actualizing once semelfactive aspect or a form which represents the situation as a hypersituation consisting of a repetition of the same situation iterative or repetitive aspect . The speaker may in principle also make use of a form which expresses habitual aspectual meaning. A habit is a situation type that is characteristic of the referent of the subject NP .

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