TAILIEUCHUNG - Calculus: An Integrated Approach to Functions and their Rates of Change, Preliminary Edition Part 94

Calculus: An Integrated Approach to Functions and their Rates of Change, Preliminary Edition Part 94. A major complaint of professors teaching calculus is that students don't have the appropriate background to work through the calculus course successfully. This text is targeted directly at this underprepared audience. This is a single-variable (2-semester) calculus text that incorporates a conceptual re-introduction to key precalculus ideas throughout the exposition as appropriate. This is the ideal resource for those schools dealing with poorly prepared students or for schools introducing a slower paced, integrated precalculus/calculus course | Improper Integrals 911 The flrst summand is proper. We ll concern ourselves with the second integral and compare with the convergent integral 1 e x dx. -x2 b -x2 e d lim e d 1 b 1 We will show that this limit exists and is flnite. We know e x 0 so for b 1 1 e x dx increases with b. Therefore as b 1b e x dx either grows without bound or is flnite. 0 because e x e x on 1 b b - x2 b 0 lim e d lim e b 1 b 1 b lim e d lim e b 1 b b 111 lim - - - 1 b . eb e e so 0 1 e x2 dx 1. Therefore 1 e x2 dx is convergent. We conclude that 0 e x2 dx converges. 2 REMARK Je x dx is an interesting integral. We ve concluded that it is convergent using more advanced methods it can be shown that its value is n. If we wanted to approximate e 2 d we could proceed as follows. i. e -x2 dx 2 0 e -x2 dx ii. Cut the tail off of 0 e x2 dx and bound it. For instance 6 e x2 dx 6 e x dx . Even better bound e x2 dx by xe x2 dx. For instance 912 CHAPTER 29 Computing Integrals e x dx xe x dx 7 x 10 12 A 5 2e25 The interested reader has many details to fill in here. The claim is that xe x2 is a much better bound a tighter fit than is e x. iii. Use numerical methods to approximate the proper integral f e x2 dx after the tail fT e-x2 dx has been amputated. Notice that the graph of e x2 is bell-shaped. As stands e x2 cannot be a probability density function because the area under such a function must be exactly 1. A bit of tinkering takes care of this. A standard normal distribution in statistics is described mathematically by the formula P x 1 _ e 2 J2n The Method of Comparison We ve used the method of comparison in several instances. We state the comparison theorem below. We omit the formal proof but the statements should seem quite reasonable an informal argument was provided earlier in this section. Comparison Theorem Let f and g be continuous functions with 0 g x f x for x a. If fT f x dx converges then fT g x dx converges. If fT g x dx diverges then fT f x dx diverges. Suppose h x is .

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