TAILIEUCHUNG - ASM Metals HandBook P8

In order to predict hardening stresses quantitatively, it is necessary to consider interactions among various factors. As shown in Fig. 23, these include: (1) phase transformations, (2) latent heat, (3) thermal stress, (4) transformation stress and plasticity, (5) heat generation due to deformation, and (6) mechanically induced transformation. | Fig. 22 Formation of residual stress on cooling considering thermal expansion and the austenite to martensite transformation. The dashed line is the yield stress os at the surface. See text for details. Source Ref 34 In order to predict hardening stresses quantitatively it is necessary to consider interactions among various factors. As shown in Fig. 23 these include 1 phase transformations 2 latent heat 3 thermal stress 4 transformation stress and plasticity 5 heat generation due to deformation and 6 mechanically induced transformation. The most important of these are interactions 1 3 and 5. Interaction 6 however is also a very important factor. When discussing mechanically induced transformation at least three different effects should be mentioned Ref 36 . The first is that the Ms temperature is decreased by hydrostatic pressure and raised by tensile stress see Fig. 24 which shows an increase of 15 C 27 F for a high-carbon steel . The second effect is the transformation plasticity which is a permanent strain that occurs during an ongoing phase transformation under applied stress lower than the yield stress. It is displayed in Fig. 24 as an increase in the elongation from about 1 under an applied stress of 18 MPa ksi to 3 under 285 MPa 41 ksi applied stress. The third effect is the incubation time of the nonmartensitic transformations which is prolonged by hydrostatic pressure Ref 37 and shortened by tensile stress Ref 38 . This is particularly important for large dimensions. It has also been shown that a separate steel sample that is inserted into a cylinder of the same hardenable steel Carney-type test has a higher hardness value than the material in the same position in a homogeneous steel cylinder. The inserted steel specimen has the same temperature history but is not exposed to hardening stresses. 1 Phase transformation Metallic structure e Mechanically induced transforma lion Temperature 5 x Heat generation due to deformation 3 Thermal stress 2 Latent .

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