TAILIEUCHUNG - IELTS Academic Reading Sample 58 - Young Children`s Sense of Identity

Mời các bạn thử sức bản thân thông qua việc giải những bài tập trong IELTS Academic Reading Sample 58 - Young Children`s Sense of Identity sau đây. Tài liệu phục vụ cho các bạn đang chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi sắp tới. | Young Children s Sense of Identity A A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features the self as a subject and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892 and contemporaries of his such as Charles Cooley added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory. B According to James a child s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labeled self-as- subject and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one s own agency . one s power to act and an awareness of one s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley 1902 suggested that a of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infants attempts to control physical objects such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behavior of other people. For example infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them. C Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time particularly in the early months copying their infant s vocalizations and expressions in addition young children enjoy looking in mirrors where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image a later development . However Lewis and Brooks-Gunn 1979 suggest that infants developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other .

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