TAILIEUCHUNG - 2013 critical care manual 2
Chapter 8Assessment and hydration and and Rutledge1 and Ian upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKOptimizing hydration and nutrition Therapy Problems with providing hydration .Procedure . Blood glucose monitoring . Insertion of a nasogastric tube sedated and intubated patient . Administration of enteral feed . feeding access in an Parenteral nutrition Ethical considerations .Competency . Specific procedure for blood . Specific procedure for insertion of tube in an . Specific procedure for administration Care Manual of Clinical Procedures and Competencies, First EditionEdited by Jane Mallett, John W. Albarran, and Annette Richardson© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, LtdCritical Care Manual of Clinical Procedures and and nutrition status is the condition of the from the intake, absorption and utilization and food, and the influence of disease-related factors.(Academisch Ziekenhuls Maastricht 2012).Aims and aim of assessment and support of a patient’s nutritional status is to:. .evaluate pre-existing hydration and nutritional any hydration and nutrition related complications that could affect outcome. . establish an individualized plan of care for and nutrition support. . maintain the optimum level of intake and promote adequate utilization of hydration and food in order growth, healing and recovery .(Cresci 2005).278Approximately 30% of patients in hospital are malnourished; many present in this condition on admission to hospital and remain in this state throughout their stay ( al. 2003a). All patients should therefore have their hydration and nutritional status assessed as soon as possible, throughout their hospital stay, to ensure their individual needs are identified and catered for. Given the importance of hydration and nutrition for health and recovery,.this assessment and the resulting actions should form the daily care and management of critically ill and of the digestive digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract.(also known as the alimentary canal) and the organs (Figure ). The gastrointestinal :. . of the pharynx. . oesophagus. . stomach. . small and large intestines .The digestive organs include:. . gastrointestinal tract (GI) is 5–7 metres in length.(Tortora and Derrickson 2011).Layers of the GI GI tract generally has four main layers (see Figure ).(there are some variations along its length). Generally is composed of:. .mucosa (inner lining).submucosa. . muscularis. . serosa (outer layer) . mucosa is further divided into three layers:. .epithelium (inner layer) – mainly non-keratinized epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal, which have a protective role. In and intestines the layer consists of epithelium, which have secretory and absorption functions. The epithelium also includes endocrine cells, which secrete mucus and fluid, respectively. . lamina propria (middle layer) – contains , and blood and lymphatic vessels, which epithelium and transport nutrients to other parts body. Lymphatic nodul
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