TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Classical mechanics: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Classical mechanics" has contents: The classical mechanics of the special theory of relativity, the hamilton equations of motion, hamilton jacobi theory and action angle variables, classical chaos, canonical perturbation theory, introduction to the lagrangian and hamiltonian formulations for continuous systems and fields. | CHAPTER The Classical Mechanics of the Special Theory of Relativity At the end of the nineteenth century the physics community had two incompatible descriptions of phenomena Newtonian mechanics and Maxwellian electromagnetic theory. Newtonian mechanics assumed that all inertial frames were equivalent while Maxwell s wave equations gave a universal speed of light that was the same in all inertial frames. Albert Einstein developed the special theory of relativity to replace Newtonian mechanics with a theory that was consistent with electromagnetic theory. After a brief historical survey we shall review the assumptions of the special theory and the consequences of these assumptions. We shall then examine the formalism of the geometric picture of spacetime that results. Lastly we develop a Lagrangian formalism and study attempts to express the results in a proper relativistic form. In Newtonian mechanics a set of well-verified laws applies in an inertial frame of reference defined by the first law. Any frame moving at constant velocity with respect to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame. Consider two frames denoted by 5 and s with r X y z and f x y . zf the coordinates in s and 5 respectively Without loss of generality we assume the coordinate axes are aligned X along x and so on. Let S be moving relative to s in the x-direction at a speed u as shown in Figure . Newtonian mechanics assumes the spacetime coordinates in s are related to those in s by the simple expressions t t x X VĨ y y z z. Transformations of this type are called Galilean transformations. Under this assumption it follows that Newton s second law F p at relating the applied force F and the momentum p remains invariant and F F t f and p p . 276 Basic Postulates of the Special Theory 277 FIGURE Galilean transformation from s to s by a velocity V in the -direction. The time in both the s and s frames is assumed to be t r . The Newtonian world view is that the universe .

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