TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Human neuroanatomy (2nd edition): Part 2

Part 1 book “Human neuroanatomy” has contents: The visual system, ocular movements and visual reflexes, the thalamus, lower motor neurons and the pyramidal system, the extrapyramidal system and cerebellum, the olfactory and gustatory systems, the limbic system, the hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system, and other contents. | CHAPter 12 The Visual System RETINA VISUAL PATH INJURIES TO THE VISUAL SYSTEM FURTHER READING Vision, including the appreciation of the color, form (size, shape, and orientation), and motion of objects as well as their depth, is somatic afferent sensation served by the visual apparatus including the retinae, optic nerves, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nuclei, optic tracts, optic radiations, and visual areas in the cerebral cortex.  RETINA The photoreceptive part of the visual system, the retina, is part of the inner tunic of the eye. The retina has 10 layers, that can be divided into an outermost, single layer of pigmented cells (layer 1), the pigmented layer, and a neural part, the neural layer (layers 2–9).   Pigmented layer1 The pigmented layer1 [Note that in this chapter, the layers of the retina are indicated as superscripts in the text] is formed by the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), a simple cuboidal epithelium with cytoplasmic granules of melanin. Age‐related decrease and regional variations in melanin concentration in the pigmented layer1 occur in humans. The pigmented layer1 (Fig. ) adjoins a basement membrane adjoining choroidal connective tissue. The free surfaces of these pigmented cells are adjacent to the tips of the outer segments of specialized neurons modified to serve as photoreceptors. One pigmented epithelial cell may contact about 30 photoreceptors in the primate retina. Outer segments of one type of photoreceptor, the rods, are cylindrical whereas the outer segments of the other type, the cones, are tapering. By absorbing light and heat energy, pigmented cells protect photoreceptors from excess light. They also carry out resynthesis and isomerization of visual pigments that reach the outer segments of retinal photoreceptors. Pigmented cells demonstrate phagocytic activity, engulfing the apical tips of outer segments of retinal rods detached in the process of renewal. Age‐related accumulation of .

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• Human neuroanatomy
• The visual system
• Ocular movements
• The thalamus
• Lower motor neurons
• The limbic system
• The hypothalamus
• The autonomic nervous system
• Visual reflexes
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Ventricular system
• The meninges
• The nervous system
• The reticular formation
• The auditory system
• The forebrain
• The brain stem
• The spinal cord
• Genomic Organization
• Molecular Biology
• Chemical Neuroanatomy
• Drug Discovery
• Serotonin System
• Color atlas and textbook of human anatomy
• Nervous system
• Sensory organs
• Cerebro vascular
• Ventricular systems
• Autonomic nervous system
• BMC Cancer
• Composite autonomic scoring scale
• Cardiovascular disease
• Young adults
• Gerontology
• Sexual Function
• Gastrointestinal Tract
• Pathological Changes
• System in Old Age
• Lecture Biology
• Human anatomy
• Human physiology
• The human body
• The organ systems of humans
• Domestic mammals
• The central nervous system
• Extrapyramidal feedback
• The somatic motor systems
• Autonomic components
• The central nervous system general considerations
• Imaging techniques
• Care giving quality
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Strange situation procedure
• Mother–child dyad
• BMC Pulmonary Medicine
• Acute lung injury
• HCl aspiration
• Stellate ganglion block
• BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Cardiovascular autonomic function
• Heart rate variability
• Musculoskeletal pain
• Multi site pain
• Heart rate recovery
• Autonomic nervous imbalance
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Inhaled anticholinergics
• Pharmacology recall
• Principles of pharmacology
• Central nervous system
• Cardiovascular system
• Respiratory system
• Viva voce in medical pharmacology
• Medical pharmacology
• General pharmacology
• Cadiovascular system
• High – Yield neuroanatomy
• Gross structure
• Blood supply
• Cranial nerves
• Clinical neuroanatomy
• The brain and spinal cord
• The development
• Their central connections
• Chronic pain
• Physical activity
• Gastro esophageal reflux disease
• Vagal activity
• Autonomic function testing
• Esophageal acid perfusion
• Acute exacerbation
• Ventricular tachycardia
• Phase rectified signal averaging
• Therapies in heart failure
• Heart failure management
• The neural pathways
• Listening to the heart
• Nervous system regulation
• Cerebral aging
• Gross Anatomy
• Spinal Cord
• Autonomic Nervous
• Principles of anatomy and physiology
• Principles of anatomy
• The special senses
• The endocrine system
• The respiratory system
• The digestive system
• Netters illustrated pharmacology
• Basic principles of pharmacology
• The autonomic
• Somatic nervous systems
• The cardiovascular system
• Spinal nerves
• Integrative functions
• Lymphatic system
• High Yield gross anatomy
• Vertebral column
• Spinal cord and spinal nerves
• Abdominal wall
• Abdominal vasculature
• The brain and cranial nerves
• The reproductive systems
• Medical pharmacology at a glance
• Drug absorption
• Drug metabolism
• Local anaesthetics
• Drugs acting on the sympathetic system
• Ocular pharmacology