TAILIEUCHUNG - Financial Management Theory And Practice, Brigham-11th Ed - Chapter 16

Chapter 16 Capital Structure Decisions: The Basics a. Capital structure is the manner in which a firm’s assets are financed; that is, the righthand side of the balance sheet. Capital structure is normally expressed as the percentage of each type of capital used by the firm--debt, preferred stock, and common equity. | Chapter 16 Capital Structure Decisions The Basics ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 16-1 a. Capital structure is the manner in which a firm s assets are financed that is the righthand side of the balance sheet. Capital structure is normally expressed as the percentage of each type of capital used by the firm--debt preferred stock and common equity. Business risk is the risk inherent in the operations of the firm prior to the financing decision. Thus business risk is the uncertainty inherent in a total risk sense future operating income or earnings before interest and taxes EBIT . Business risk is caused by many factors. Two of the most important are sales variability and operating leverage. Financial risk is the risk added by the use of debt financing. Debt financing increases the variability of earnings before taxes but after interest thus along with business risk it contributes to the uncertainty of net income and earnings per share. Business risk plus financial risk equals total corporate risk. b. Operating leverage is the extent to which fixed costs are used in a firm s operations. If a high percentage of a firm s total costs are fixed costs then the firm is said to have a high degree of operating leverage. Operating leverage is a measure of one element of business risk but does not include the second major element sales variability. Financial leverage is the extent to which fixed-income securities debt and preferred stock are used in a firm s capital structure. If a high percentage of a firm s capital structure is in the form of debt and preferred stock then the firm is said to have a high degree of financial leverage. The breakeven point is that level of unit sales at which costs equal revenues. Breakeven analysis may be performed with or without the inclusion of financial costs. If financial costs are not included breakeven occurs when EBIT equals zero. If financial costs are included breakeven occurs when EBT equals zero. c. Reserve borrowing capacity .

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